*Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110901*

Histoplasmosis in Africa: An emerging or a neglected disease? PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease. 2018;**12**(1):e0006046. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006046

[114] Arlet JB, Furco-Mazzantini A, Huerre M, Neuville S, Molina JM. African histoplasmosis infection with peritoneal involvement. European Journal of Clinical Microbiololy & Infectious Diseases. 2004;**23**(4):342-344. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-003-1089-x

[115] Kneale M, Bartholomew JS, Davies E, Denning DW. Global access to antifungal therapy and its variable cost. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016;**71**(12):3599-3606. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw325

[116] Pan B, Chen M, Pan W, Liao W. Histoplasmosis: A new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases. Mycoses. 2013;**56**(3):212-221. DOI: 10.1111/myc.12029

[117] Zhao B, Xia X, Yin J, Zhang X, Wu E, Shi Y, et al. Epidemiological investigation of *Histoplasma capsulatum* infection in China. Chinese Medical Journal (English). 2001;**114**(7):743-746

[118] Wen FQ, Sun YD, Watanabe K, Yoshida MJ, JNS W, Baum GL. Prevalence of histoplasmin sensitivity in healthy adults and tuberculosis patients in Southwest China. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology. 1996;**34**(3):171- 174. DOI: 10.1080/02681219680000281

[119] Taylor RL, Duangmani C, Charoenvit Y. The geographic distribution of histoplasmin sensitivity in Thailand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1968;**17**(4):579-583. DOI: 10.4269/ ajtmh.1968.17.579

[120] Norkaew T, Ohno H, Sriburee P, Tanabe K, Tharavichitkul P, Takarn P, et al. Detection of environmental sources of *Histoplasma capsulatum* in Chiang Mai, Thailand, by nested PCR. Mycopathologia. 2013;**176**(5-6):395-402. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9701-9

[121] Tucker HA, Kvisselgaard N. Histoplasmin and tuberculin sensitivity in Burma; study of tests on 3,558 subjects. Bulletin World Health Organization. 1952;**7**(2):188-200

[122] Sanyal M, Thammayya A. *Histoplasma capsulatum* in the soil of Gangetic plain in India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1975;**63**(7):1020-1028

[123] Goswami RP, Pramanik N, Banerjee D, Raza MM, Guha SK, Maiti PK. Histoplasmosis in eastern India: The tip of the iceberg? Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999;**93**(5):540-542. DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90374-7

[124] Gupta A, Ghosh A, Singh G, Xess I. A twenty-first-century perspective of disseminated histoplasmosis in India: Literature review and retrospective analysis of published and unpublished cases at a tertiary care hospital in North India. Mycopathologia. 2017;**182**(11- 12):1077-1093. DOI: 10.1007/ s11046-017-0191-z

[125] Randhawa HS, Khan ZU. Histoplasmosis in India: Current status. The Indian Journal Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 1994;**36**(4):193, 213

[126] Kikuchi K, Sugita T, Makimura K, Urata K, Someya T, Sasaki T, et al. Is *Histoplasma capsulatum* a native inhabitant of Japan? Microbiology and Immunology. 2008;**52**:455-459. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00052.x

[127] Sabino R, Verissímo C, Brandão J, Martins C, Alves D, Pais C, et al. Serious fungal infections in Portugal. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2017;**36**(7):1345- 1352. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2930-y

[128] Ashbee HR, Evans EG, Viviani MA, Dupont B, Chryssanthou E, Surmont I, et al. Histoplasmosis in Europe: Report on an epidemiological survey from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Working Group. Medical Mycology. 2008;**46**(1):57-65. DOI: 10.1080/13693780701591481

[129] Sotgiu G, Mazzoni A, Mantovani A, Ajello L, Palmer J. *Histoplasma capsulatum*: Occurrence in soil from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Science. 1965;**147**(3658):624. DOI: 10.1126/ science.147.3658.624

[130] Mantovani A, Mazzoni A, Ajello L. Histoplasmosis in Italy. I. Isolation of *Histoplasma capsulatum* from dogs in the province of Bologna. Sabouraudia. 1968;**6**(2):163-164. DOI: 10.1080/00362176885190291

[131] Poveda F, García-Alegría J, de las Nieves MA, Villar E, Montiel N, del Arco A. Disseminated histoplasmosis successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B following azathioprine therapy in a patient from a nonendemic area. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 1998;**17**(5):357-359. DOI: 10.1007/ BF01709461

[132] Antinori S, Giacomelli A, Corbellino M, Torre A, Schiuma M, Casalini G, et al. Histoplasmosis diagnosed in Europe and Israel: A case report and systematic review of the literature from 2005 to 2020. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2021;**7**(6):481-502. DOI: 10.3390/ jof7060481

[133] Goodwin RA, Lloyd JE, Des Prez RM. Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine (Baltimore). 1981;**60**(4):231- 266. DOI: 10.1097/00005792-198107000- 00001

[134] Shen Q, Rappleye CA. Living within the macrophage: Dimorphic fungal pathogen intracellular metabolism. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2020;**10**:592259. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592259

[135] Newman SL, Gootee L, Bullock WE. Inhibition of intracellular growth of *Histoplasma capsulatum* yeast cells by cytokine-activated human monocytes and macrophages. Infection and immunity. 1991;**59**(2):737-741. DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.2.737-741.1991

[136] Fojtasek MF, Sherman MR, Garringer T, Blair R, Wheat LJ, Schnizlein-Bick CT. Local immunity in lung-associated lymph nodes in a murine model of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Infection and Immunity. 1993;**61**(11):4607-4614. DOI: 10.1128/ iai.61.11.4607-4614.1993

[137] Guimarães AJ, Nosanchuk JD, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2006;**37**:1-13. DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822006000100001

[138] Newman SL, Gootee L, Gabay JE. Human neutrophil-mediated fungistasis against *Histoplasma capsulatum*. Localization of fungistatic activity to the azurophil granules. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993;**92**(2):624-631. DOI: 10.1172/jci116630

[139] Lin JS, Huang JH, Hung LY, Wu SY, Wu-Hsieh BA. Distinct roles of complement receptor 3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in murine macrophage interaction with Histoplasma yeast. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2010;**88**:95-106. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109717 *Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110901*

[140] Lin JS, Yang CW, Wang DW, Wu-Hsieh BA. Dendritic cells crosspresent exogenous fungal antigens to stimulate a protective CD8 T cell response in infection by *Histoplasma capsulatum*. Journal of Immunology. 2005;**174**:6282-6291. DOI: 10.4049/ jimmunol.174.10.6282

[141] Nosanchuk JD, Gacser A. *Histoplasma capsulatum* at the host-pathogen interface. Microbes and Infection. 2008;**10**:973-977. DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.011]

[142] Roth MT, Zamith-Miranda D, Nosanchuk JD. Immunization strategies for the control of histoplasmosis. Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 2019;**6**(2):35- 41. DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00172-3

[143] Almeida PCS, Roque BS, Felice AG, Jaiswal AK, Tiwari S, Azevedo V, et al. Comparative genomics of *Histoplasma capsulatum* and prediction of new vaccines and drug targets. Journal of Fungi. 2023;**9**:193. DOI: 10.3390/jof9020193

[144] McKinsey DS, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, Pierce M, Black JR, Bamberger DM, et al. Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: Randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases mycoses study group. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1999;**28**(5):1049- 1056. DOI: 10.1085/514744

[145] Miller R, Assi M. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation. 2013;**13**:25-261. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12117

[146] Wallis RS, Broder M, Wong J, Lee A, Hoq L. Reactivation of latent granulomatous infections by infliximab. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;**41**(3):194-198. DOI: 10.1086/429996

**Chapter 3**
