**1. Introduction**

One of the endemic mycoses is histoplasmosis. A fungal disease is caused by dimorphic fungi, that typically grow as yeasts at body temperature but exist in the environment as mycelial forms in the soil. Other endemic mycoses are blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, and penicilliosis, and they are all restricted to particular geographical areas and epidemiological contexts

[1]. Histoplasmosis often spreads through airborne conidia inhalation, similar to other endemic mycoses, yet in some instances, the fungus is inoculated through the skin. Clinically, histoplasmosis presentation largely dependent on the host's immune status. For immunocompetent persons, primary infection may be symptomatic and may resolve on its own. However, initial infection typically escalates to widespread disease in patients with weakened host defense, such as transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive medication and HIV patients. *Histoplasma capsulatum* has the ability to develop into a mold in soil or culture at temperatures below 30°C, and a yeast-like fungus in living tissue at 37°C is due to its dimorphism characteristic. There are three varieties of *Histoplasma capsulatum* depending on the clinical disease: *Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *capsulatum* (Hcc), the cause of Classical histoplasmosis, also known as the American histoplasmosis; *Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *duboisii* (Hcd) also known as the African type of histoplamosis that causes African histoplasmosis and *Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *farciminosum* causes lymphangitis among equines. Soil rich in chicken, starling, and bat droppings has been used to create fungal environmental isolations.

This chapter investigates the epidemiology of the histoplasmosis pandemic in Africa as well as the knowledge gap among healthcare professionals.
