**4. Diagnosis**

Modern neuroimaging techniques have significantly improved our ability to diagnose neurocysticercosis. The quantity and topography of lesions as well as their stage of involution may be objectively determined using computed tomography and magnetic resonance (**Figure 3**) [21, 22]. On computed tomography and magnetic resonance, vesicular cysticerci show up as tiny, spherical cysts that are clearly

#### **Figure 3.**

*Imaging with parenchymal brain cysticercosis: (a) viable cysts showing the scolex (b) colloidal cyst appearing as a ring-enhancing lesion [20].*


#### **Table 1.**

*Table showing differential diagnostic criteria.*

separated from the surrounding brain parenchyma. Physicians may now use a set of diagnostic criteria based on an unbiased assessment of clinical, radiological, immunological, and epidemiological data to help them identify individuals who may have neurocysticercosis (**Table 1**) [23]. Absolute, major, minor, and epidemiologic are the four types of criteria in this collection, which are ranked according to each diagnostic category's strengths.

The introduction of three-dimensional MRI sequences, such as Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State (FIESTA) and 3D constructive interferences steady state (3D CISS), has recently enhanced MRI sensitivity and specificity, particularly for subarachnoid and ventricular cysticerci [24–26]. Several approaches for detecting antigens and anti-cysticerci antibodies in CSF have been established. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immuno electro transfer blot assay (EITB) in CSF have good sensitivity and specificity, their complexity, length of execution, and cost are significant barriers to their use [27, 28]. *Taenia* antigens, which are more sensitive than eosinophils, can also be identified in CSF, particularly in clinically active kinds of NCC [28].
