Contents



Preface

Heterocycles have diverse applications in various fields, such as pharmacy, medicine, dyestuffs, and polymers. As such, there is a need to continually upgrade the information related to heterocyclic compounds, which play a significant role in biochemical reactions in living cells. There is a whole range of heterocycles/fused heterocycles with one/two heteroatoms with a variety of applications. The momentum gained for the synthesis of new heterocycles testifies to their significance. The challenges in synthesizing new heterocycles and heterocycle properties that expand their use have stimulated research in the field. This book discusses various chemical strategies for the synthesis of the spectrum of heterocycles and their relevant applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and material science. The green synthetic approach is an eco-friendly method to minimize/eliminate waste, decrease the consumption of energy, and promote the usage of green solvents. The book examines these green synthetic approaches for synthesizing the spectra of heterocyclic scaffolds. It includes eleven chapters.

Chapter 1, "Substituted Azoles as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Activity", discusses five-member azoles as anti-HIV medicines and, in particular, as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Chapter 2, "Pyrazole Scaffold: Strategies toward the Synthesis and Their Applications", addresses the broad-spectrum bioactivity of pyrazoles and the green synthetic methodology used for synthesizing them. Chapter 3, "Synthesis and Biological Applications of Thiazolidinone," discusses the synthesis of thiazolidinone derivatives and their biological effectiveness, including their anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Chapter 4, "Synthetic Approaches for Pharmacologically Active Decorated Six-Membered Diazines", elaborates on the various synthetic techniques used to synthesize pharmacologically active decorated diazines, paying particular attention to non-fused substituted pyrimidines that have clinical applications. According to reports, diazines have numerous beneficial effects on human health, including antimetabolite, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-allergic, tyrosine kinase, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihypertensive, antileishmanial, antituberculostatic, anticonvulsant, diuretic potassium-sparing, and anti-aggressive activities. Chapter 5, "Selected Imidazole Derivatives: Synthesis and X-Ray Crystal Structure – A Review", describes the synthesis and X-ray crystal structure analysis of selected significant imidazole derivatives, including DMDPIMH: 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-diphenyl-1H-imidazole monohydrate; DMPPTI: 4,5-Dimethyl-2-phenyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-imidazole; FPDMMPI: 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-1H-imidazole; DMPDMPIHH: 1-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole hemihydrate; DMPFPDMI: 1-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole; FPMOPDMI: 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole; DMOPFPDMI: 1-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazo; and FPTPI:

Chapter 6, "Synthesis of Five-Membered Heterocycles Using Water as a Solvent", discusses three typical five-membered heterocyclic compounds (furan, thiophene,

2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole.
