**12. Conclusions**

Dietary exposure to toxic metals is a public health concern. As a result, food safety is an issue that threatens human health and agricultural business. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of immobilization, soil washing, and phytoremediation techniques, often cited as among the best available technologies for cleaning up heavy metal-contaminated sites, are presented. Remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals is necessary to reduce related risks, make land resources available for agricultural production, increase food security, and reduce land ownership problems caused by changes in land use patterns. Also, washing rice reduces some toxic and essential elements in rice. The distribution of elements in cereals from different regions helps countries make informed decisions about importing cereals such as rice. Rice and other cereal producers can develop strategies to reduce significant metal uptake from soil. Identification of appropriate rice treatment processes such as washing will provide information on reducing metal exposure to the rice consuming population while preserving essential elements in the grain.
