**5.1 Pb content in the soil**

The results for Pb based on paddy soil use can be seen in **Tables 6** and **7**. The data show that the highest and lowest soil Pb content was found in 80-year-old rice fields and control areas, namely, 20.56 and 1.20 mg kg−1, respectively. Compared with 20-year-old paddy fields, Pb content in 80 years was increased by around 16-fold. The Pb content in Pati, Central Java, and the lowland watershed of Solo Hilir, Lamongan Regency, ranged from 0.23 to 2.55 mg kg−1 [54] and 0.20–2.94 mg kg−1 [59]. In the highland rice fields of Wonosobo, Central Java, Gowa, South Sulawesi, and India, Pb content was 9.32–14.82 mg kg−1 [60], 0.0151 mg kg−1 [61], and 5.3–19.8 mg kg−1 [19]. Meanwhile, [17] reported that Pb content in paddy soil in Tanzania ranged from 8.0 to 28.5 mg kg−1. The heavy metal content of Pb in the paddy field of Semarang Regency of Central Java is still below the standard provisions of India (250–500 mg kg−1) and Europe (300 mg kg−1) [62]. Possible sources of Pb include pesticide spraying by farmers and car exhaust near the village road [63].


### **Table 6.**

*Soil Pb content and percentage increase based on the age of use of paddy fields [5].*

