**6. Ant as bioindicator**

Owing to the species richness and vast diversity, ants are employed as bioindicators as these characteristics correspond to efficient monitoring of biological processes and landscape disturbance in various environments [40, 41]. Ants are effective for monitoring the foliage inhabiting regions, open habitat and toxicity of heavy metal pollution in terrestrial environment as their substantial role at ground level [42]. In mining region, ants have been utilized as bioindicators of restoration effectiveness [43]. For the research of heavy metal environmental impact, combine monitoring of ants and forager bees is a reliable method [44].

### **7. Grasshopper as bioindicator**

Grasshoppers are herbivorous insects, therefore, have significant part in bioaccumulation as well as transport heavy metal to upper trophic levels via food chain [45] as predators such as mantid accumulates grasshopper thus transmitted heavy metals to further species in higher trophic level of food chain. Furthermore, Soliman and El-Shazly (2017) studied the average concentration of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel and iron in grasshopper species [46]. Several researches have been conducted on heavy metal analysis in grasshopper, plants and soils having metal concentration higher in region closest to polluted areas [38, 47]. Guria *et al*. [4] described the reduction of grasshopper fitness to environment due to toxicity of arsenic and lead thus vulnerable to predation and infection [4].
