**14. Molecular analysis of heavy metals on insects**

El- Samad *et al*. [64] analyzed the molecular approach of heavy metal effect in beetles [64]. According to the dispersive energy X-ray microanalysis, testicular tissues and soil samples gathered from the metal contaminated area contained higher level of heavy metal as compared to the beetles of reference area. The transcription level of heat shock protein as well as seminal fluid proteins of accessary gland (AcPC01) of testicular were measured to investigate the genotoxicity in beetle sample taken from polluted area. Heat shock proteins 90, 70 and 60 gene expressions had been significantly less 1.5 fold in samples taken from polluted area but Hsp 60, Hsp 70 and HSP 90 expressed more as greater than 2 fold. Researcher also noted the occurrence of micronuclei development in testicular cells. The prevalence of was noticeably higher in samples gathered from contaminated area and also extracellular matrix aberration including nuclear and cytoplasmic disruption was also found.
