**6. Gamma rays treatment of titanium dioxide materials for photovoltaic applications: Future research directions**

Further investigations are needed to find the optimum parameters for gamma-ray treatment of TiO2 materials, which would result in desirable properties for photovoltaic applications [10]. The dose and the dose rate of gamma radiation are critical considerations in controlling the physical and chemical properties of the material. Gamma radiation can affect the crystal structure, morphology, and electrical features of TiO2 materials in different ways, thus making it a promising research avenue to determine the optimal protocol for photovoltaic usage.

Combining gamma radiation with other treatments, such as doping and annealing, may further enhance the performances of titanium dioxide thin films and nanostructures used in photovoltaic applications. Doping with transition metal ions or nonmetals can improve titanium dioxide material's photocatalytic activity and electronic properties [11], while annealing can enhance its conductivity and optical absorption properties by reducing defects and enhancing crystal quality [12]. Novel strategies for improving of titanium dioxide thin films and nanostructures properties for photovoltaic applications can be explored by mixing gamma radiation with such treatments.

It is essential to study the long-term stability of TiO2 materials that have been exposed to gamma radiation [13], as gamma radiation has been shown to gradually diminish the properties of materials. Thus, it is crucial to identify the degradation processes and investigate the durability of TiO2 materials after extended exposure to gamma rays. This knowledge is essential for ensuring the long-term performance and durability of photovoltaic applications that involve TiO2 materials.

Future research should focus on enhancing the durability of irradiated TiO2 materials, refining gamma radiation treatment settings, and exploring the use of gamma radiation in conjunction with other therapies. These strategies will help advance the comprehension of photovoltaics by utilizing more efficient and resilient TiO2 materials.
