**6.3 Lung cancer**

The limited therapeutic efficiency of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) is due to the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The median survival rate is about 6 months only. Nanoparticles are progressively emerging as a new tool against drug resistance because of their limited toxicity and ability to act on numerous targets in cancer cells due to their distinct physicochemical features [135]. Two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (Ti2C) possesses ultra-high surface area and enhanced cell membrane penetration ability as compared to other conventional nanoparticles [136]. It also contains many reactive groups that can be utilized as potent protein interaction sites affecting their structure and function. The chemo drug resistance reversal ability of Ti2C was evaluated by Zhu et al. by using the characteristics of 2D Ti2C on the NSCLC cell line. The cells were treated with cisplatin, the standard drug for treating end-stage NSCLC, with and without Ti2C. They found that Ti2C reversed the resistance of NSCLC to cisplatin by reducing the antioxidant reserves in the cells and decreasing the expression of primary drug resistance genes. They also reported drug resistance reversal in the NSCLC model in vivo [135]. Balachandran et al. synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using a novel wet chemical technique using titanium tetra isopropoxide precursor, characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and UV–visible spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited good photocatalytic activity and were evaluated for anticancer effect in A549 (lung cancer) cells. The cells were treated with TiO2 and exposed to UV light. After 4 hours, TiO2 caused approximately 85% of cell decomposition [137].
