**1. Introduction**

Different fields are interested in titanium dioxide (TiO2) due to its exceptional traits that make it a versatile material and crucial area of research [1, 2]. With a high surface-to-volume ratio, TiO2 thin films are able to enhance properties and therefore receive significant attention [3]. The fabrication of TiO2 thin films has been accomplished through different synthesis techniques that include sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition [4–6]. Nevertheless, post-treatments like ionizing radiation [7] can enhance these thin films.

### *Updates on Titanium Dioxide*

Ionizing radiation in the form of gamma rays has been used to modify the chemical and physical characteristics of diverse materials, such as thin films of TiO2. Induction of defects and oxygen vacancies in TiO2 through gamma radiation has been found to change its structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties [8]. Still, the methods responsible for these adjustments are currently under investigation.

This chapter seeks to offer a thorough examination of how gamma radiation exposure affects the physical properties of both TiO2 thin films and nanostructures, emphasizing its applications in photovoltaic technology. An overview of how gamma radiation interacts with matter is provided in our discussion about the mechanism of TiO2 materials under this effect. This is given in our first section. In this section, we delve into how gamma radiation specifically impacts both the structural and electronic traits of TiO2. This includes examining how it creates defects and impurities within the material.

The third section thoroughly examines the optical effects of gamma radiation on titanium dioxide materials, which can lead to the creation of defects and alterations in electronic structure. These changes can result in improved visible light absorption and an overall enhancement of the material's photocatalytic properties.

In the fourth section, we investigate the impacts of gamma ray exposure on TiO2 photocatalytic characteristics. Our goal is to comprehend the intricate correlation between gamma radiation and TiO2 efficiency in various photocatalysis domains. Through exploring the underlying mechanisms, we can enhance TiO2 applications, realize more effective photocatalysts, and accomplish eco-friendly solutions, ultimately resulting in increasing possibilities for innovation and utilization of TiO2 materials.

In section five, we explore the prospects of utilizing gamma-treated TiO2 materials for photovoltaic purposes. The study concentrates on comprehending the consequences of gamma radiation exposure on TiO2 material's efficiency, stability, and endurance concerning solar cells. Through scrutinizing the fundamental mechanisms, our goal is to refine TiO2 implementation, design more potent photovoltaic apparatuses, and promote sustainable energy alternatives.

In the sixth section, we outline the future research directions for TiO2 materials in photovoltaic applications, which involve gamma rays treatment. Our primary focus is on finding the optimal gamma-ray treatment parameters and assessing the long-term stability of treated TiO2. Additionally, we investigate the possible synergistic benefits of combining gamma radiation with other treatments like doping and annealing.

In summary, this chapter provides a thorough examination of the impact of gamma radiation on thin films and nanostructures of TiO2, emphasizing its potential applications in photovoltaics. By exploring the underlying mechanisms that drive these effects, the latest advancements in this field, and the associated challenges and merits of gamma radiation treatment, this chapter aims to provide invaluable insights into utilizing this tool for optimizing the properties of TiO2-based devices.
