**5. Potential uses of gamma-treated TiO2 materials in photovoltaics**

The employment of gamma-examined TiO2 materials in photovoltaic devices has demonstrated various benefits over unexamined TiO2 materials. Gamma radiation handling alters the surface qualities of TiO2, ensuring in enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and charge transit characteristics [16]. This may ultimately lead to amplified potency in solar cells, as well as enhanced resilience and durability.

### *DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111718 Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2…*

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) could benefit greatly from using gammatreated TiO2 materials in photovoltaics. Their affordability, lightweight, and flexibility make DSSCs an attractive alternative to the conventional silicon-based solar cells [32]. Enhancement of the surface area, crystallinity, and charge transfer properties [33, 34] of TiO2 materials is achieved through gamma radiation treatment, thereby improving their performance in DSSCs. Additionally, this therapy can be a hopeful method to boost the effectiveness of DSSCs. TiO2 nanotubes treated with gamma radiation demonstrated higher DSSC efficiency compared with untreated ones, as discovered by Kim et al. [35], while Mahmoud et al. [36] found that using gamma radiation-treated TiO2 nanoparticles also increased DSSC efficiency.

Perovskite solar cells have displayed potential in photovoltaic applications due to their proficient power conversion efficiency and economical manufacturing expenses. Gamma radiation-treated TiO2 materials have been studied as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells, with arousing outcomes. Liu et al. [37] noted a substantial progress in the conductivity and crystallinity of gamma radiationtreated TiO2 films. This led to a better charge transfer performance and a consequential elevation in the efficiency of the perovskite solar cells.

The study of organic solar cells, which use organic materials rather than inorganic semiconductors, has revealed promising results for use in photovoltaics. Gamma-treated TiO2 materials have been shown to improve power conversion efficiency by improving light absorption, charge separation, and mobility of charges properties [38].

Photovoltaic device performance may be enhanced by gamma radiation treatment. Likewise, it can contribute toward enhancing the stability and endurance of TiO2 components that play a crucial role in their long-term deployment within solar panels. Gamma treatment applied on TiO2 materials enhances their surface area and crystallinity, which leads to reduced recombination speed and increased lifespan of electrons. This eventually promotes greater stability [35, 36]. TiO2 materials treated with gamma radiation have shown increased ability in resisting various forms of environmental stressors, among them being high temperature and humidity. Also, this can reinforce the resilience of solar panels [33].

In general, the utilization of gamma-treated TiO2 substances in the photovoltaic industry presents a hopeful pathway for creating effective, enduring, and stable solar cells. Further examination is necessary to investigate the complete potential of gamma radiation therapy on TiO2 materials and how it affects different photovoltaic devices. Solar energy's adoption as a renewable resource can be boosted with improvements in this field. Additionally, their involvement can lead to the progression of a more eco-conscious future.
