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Dynamic memory management that is not easily represented by FSAs. Concurrency and parallelism require mechanisms such as locks, semaphores, or message passing, which extend beyond the sequential nature of FSAs. Input/ Output interactions cannot be effectively represented by the static state transitions of an FSA. Complex data structures: Computer systems handle complex data structures such as arrays, linked lists, trees, graphs, or databases. Manipulating and traversing these data structures often requires algorithms and operations that are beyond the scope of simple state transitions in an FSA. Machine learning and AI systems … rely on large-scale data processing, statistical models, and nonlinear transformations that are not easily captured by FSAs.
