**3.3 Design for modularity**

Design for modularity is deployed to achieve easy assembly and disassembly of building components through lean production of building component modules that cut down on time and are less labor-intensive [40]. Modularization is cost-effective and facilitates timely completion of projects as well as construction waste reduction [44]. Modular construction components are also linked to prefabrication, standardization, and system building. Also, Silva [3] investigated ways to implement circularity in the architectural design process that adopts the design for standardization, prefabrication, and modularity through a research-by-design methodology. This resulted in lesser environmental impact and space efficiency and also tended to support disassembly and recycling. The circular design strategies are summarized subsequently.
