*2.1.4 Equivalent circuit of a solar cell*

In order to appreciate the electronic behaviour of a solar cell, it is helpful to construct a model that is electrically equivalent and is constructed on discrete electrical components whose behaviour is well understood. This model should be based on discrete electrical components. Because there is no such thing as a perfect solar cell in the actual world, the model incorporates both a shunt resistance component and a series resistance component (**Figure 6**). A current source that is coupled in series with a diode can successfully duplicate the characteristics of an ideal solar cell.

**Figure 6.** *The equivalent circuit of a solar cell.*

### *2.1.5 Photovoltaic (PV) system*

Solar cells are semiconducting devices that are responsible for converting solar energy into electricity. This transition takes place inside of a solar cell. A solar cell is a piece of equipment that can produce a specific amount of electrical power when exposed to sunlight. This particular kind of cell can produce both a voltage and a current as its output. A solar panel, which is also referred to as a photovoltaic module, is constructed out of a collection of solar cells and is used to generate electricity for the operation of various useful devices that require a particular voltage or current. Solar arrays are formed when individual solar panels are interconnected in order to generate huge amounts of solar-generated electricity.

The solar panels are just one component of a more extensive photovoltaic (PV) solar system. Depending on the application, the photovoltaic (PV) solar system may additionally comprise batteries for storing any excess electricity, dc/ac inverters for connecting the PV solar system to the electrical grid, as well as any additional electrical or mounting components. The balance of systems is the name given to the second component of the photovoltaic solar system, which is composed of these additional components (BOS). Last but not least, the solar system includes goods such as consumer electronics that can be powered by solar energy, such as radios and televisions. This shipment of products is the topic of our conversation.

The photovoltaic (PV) solar system is made up of a total of three components:

(I) photovoltaic cells or solar arrays, (II) the system's overall equilibrium, and (III) the load.

### **2.2 Advantages of solar photovoltaic cells**


any mechanically moving elements. As a result, they break significantly less frequently and require much less maintenance than other energy sources that are in direct competition with them. Other energy sources include: (e.g., wind turbines).

