**Hao Wu**

**1**

**Chapter 1**

Applications

1. **Introduction**

sensors include:

*Mingqiang Yi and Fenglei Niu*

harsh environment monitoring [1, 2].

Introductory Chapter: Temperature

Temperature measurements are vital to our life and various activities. Temperature

There are many different types of temperature sensors, each with its own advantages and disadvantages [3, 4]. Some of the most common types of temperature

• Thermocouples: Thermocouples are the most common type of temperature sensor. They are relatively inexpensive and easy to use. However, they are not very accurate and can be affected by environmental factors such as humidity.

• Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs): RTDs are more accurate than thermocouples, but they are also more expensive. RTDs are typically made of platinum

• Semiconductor temperature sensors: Semiconductor temperature sensors are the most accurate type of temperature sensor. They are also very small and can be integrated into electronic devices. However, semiconductor temperature sensors

The advanced applications of temperature sensing are constantly evolving. Some

or nickel, and their resistance changes with temperature.

are also the most expensive type of temperature sensor.

of the most exciting new applications include:

sensors are devices that measure the target temperature and convert it into an electrical signal. Many temperature sensors and measurement technologies have been developed and provided in industry and laboratories, including temperature probesused for immersion temperature measurement in liquids, air, gas, or wells in solid material, and surface sensors such as fast-response thermocouples mounted in a polyimide carrier for easily measuring surface temperatures or heat flux. Fiber optic monitors and fiber optic sensors have been designed to work more reliably than traditional sensors due to their resistance to outside influence such as microwaves, electromagnetic interference, and radio frequency interference. There are also non-contact temperature measurement solutions for remote measurement or human body temperature measurement. Recently, the smart temperature sensing has greatly advanced the applications such as pandemic mitigation, point-of-care healthcare, and

Sensing and Advanced

School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
