**1. Introduction**

Temperature is a widely recognized and essential physical quantity for measuring the hot and cold states of various systems. Its accurate measurement is critical for assessing the health and proper functioning of equipment and for deepening our understanding of physical phenomena. Thus, temperature sensing is a highly significant area of research. Generally, temperature sensors are typically fabricated based on various thermal effects such as thermoelectric, thermal expansion, thermo-optical, and thermomagnetic effects, which provide highly accurate and stable measurements in different application scenarios. By leveraging these diverse thermal effects, researchers can develop sensors with increasingly advanced capabilities to enable a wide range of scientific and technological breakthroughs.
