*3.1.5.1 Making erosion estimation easy with GIS tools*

The RUSLE model was originally formulated with the intent of assessing the potential for soil erosion in small and localized watersheds. Nevertheless, due to the wide distribution, rapidity, and concerns related to the quality of water, the utilization of the RUSLE framework inherently presents drawbacks in relation to expenses of implementation, adequacy of site representation, and precision of anticipated outcomes [76, 83]. The spatial distribution of soil erosion using the traditional RUSLE model is often challenging to map, thus posing a considerable difficulty [83]. The proliferation of GIS-based models at the regional level has surged significantly subsequent to the innovation of GIS technology. Various researchers have reported that the utilization of GIS technology in tandem with erosion models, such as the RUSLE, has considerably boosted the efficacy of assessing the spatial dissemination and magnitude of erosion hazards, while simultaneously reducing costs and augmenting precision. These findings have been documented in the scholarly literature [77, 84–88].
