**6. Conclusions**

Our research emphasizes the intricate nature of the spatiotemporal dynamics observed along the retreating Sundarbans coastline in the Bengal delta. To delineate the coastline, we utilized cloud-free Landsat images and developed algorithms that consistently derived distances and areas of land dynamics for the entire coastline at regular intervals. While coastal retreat is a natural global phenomenon associated with sea-level rise (SLR), our study delved into the specific impacts of SLR, as well as reduced discharge and sediment flow from the contributing river, on the coastline.
