*3.1.6.1 Using RUSLE to estimate parameters for soil erosion risk*

The preeminent and uncomplicated digital manifestation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was formulated with the aim of computing the yearly soil erosion per unit region predicated on erosion attributes [101, 102]. The RUSLE model is regularly employed to forecast the mean yearly soil depletions due to sheet and rill disintegration along with exhibiting the geographic arrangement of potential erosion hazard [51, 97, 102–106]. The assessment of soil erosion risk through the utilization of the RUSLE model involves the consideration of several critical factors, including the slope length and steepness factor (LS), the land cover and management component (C), the support practice factor (P), and the rainfall erosivity factor (R) [101]. In the current investigation, the peril of soil erosion was spatially allocated, and conceivable erosion was charted by using C and P factors as identifying elements (C and P = 1).

According to reference [101], the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) stipulates that:

$$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{R} \mathbf{\cdot} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{\cdot} L \mathbf{S} \mathbf{\cdot} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{\cdot} \mathbf{P}$$

**Figure 4** presents an exemplification of the procedure through which the model's input parameters are procured from diverse sources that comprise rainfall data, soil attributes that include soil texture, hydraulic conductivity, and organic matter content, as well as topographical characteristics such as slope length and percentage. These attributes are acquired from elevation digital models (DEMs) and satellite imagery. The RUSLE model encompasses several inputs such as topography (LS factor), crop cover (C factor), soil erodibility (K factor), rainfall erodibility (R factor), and soil erodibility (K factor), among others [107].
