Preface

Welcome to *Oceanography – Relationships of the Oceans with the Continents, Their Biodiversity, and the Atmosphere*. This book delves into the intricate connections between Earth's oceans, continents, biodiversity, and atmosphere, exploring the essential role of oceanography in understanding these relationships.

The study of oceanography is pivotal for comprehending our planet's dynamics, as oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and influence global climate, biodiversity, and human societies. This science encompasses diverse disciplines, including physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of the ocean.

In Chapter 1, we provide an introductory overview of oceanography, highlighting its significance in addressing pressing environmental and societal challenges of the 21st century. From marine currents to coastal dynamics and marine pollution, this chapter sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of oceanographic themes.

The economic and environmental importance of seaweed aquaculture takes center stage in Chapter 2. We explore how seaweed cultivation contributes to sustainability, the blue economy, and climate adaptation, offering insights into its potential as a tool for conservation amid climate change.

Chapter 3 delves into the deep-sea biodiversity on continents, elucidating how organisms thrive in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Recent studies have uncovered fascinating links between tectonic plate dynamics, mineral deposits, and marine life, underscoring the profound impact of oceanic processes on terrestrial ecosystems.

Chapter 4 explores the large-scale interaction of oceans, continents, and the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere. This section investigates seasonal fluctuations in heat and moisture transfer, elucidating the dynamic relationship between these elements on a global scale.

Each chapter is designed to deepen our understanding of oceanographic processes and their broader implications for Earth's systems. From biodiversity to climate adaptation and environmental management, *Oceanography* offers a comprehensive exploration of our planet's interconnectedness.

In Chapter 5, the focus shifts to the river–sea transition zone, investigating the transport of mineral colloids and the influence of organic matter. This chapter sheds light on crucial mechanisms affecting marine ecosystems, emphasizing the role of organic substances in material transport.

Chapter 6 tackles hydrodynamical numerical modeling of coastal areas, examining the complexities of coastal dynamics and their societal implications. The chapter

underscores the unique challenges posed by coastal regions and the necessity of effective environmental management. The book concludes with Chapter 6.

We hope this book serves as a valuable resource for students, researchers, and enthusiasts seeking to unravel the mysteries of our oceans and their profound relationships with continents and the atmosphere.

> **Leonel Pereira and Miguel A. Pardal** Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,

> > Section 1

Introduction

CFE—Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People and Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal

Section 1 Introduction

### **Chapter 1**
