**3. Conclusions**

Evaluating seismically induced vulnerability to slope failure has been a critical problem for geotechnical engineers, especially in metropolitan areas near landslideprone zones. Slopes with a deep-seated landslide can be an amplification factor for seismic ground motion, with a maximum along the sliding direction. In such cases, slopes with high impedance contrast of layers throughout the 3D geometry of a landslide body may trap seismic waves and prolong shaking, making slopes more susceptible to seismically induced landslide reactivation. This phenomenon is more possible if shaking energy is polarized along the hill slope facing direction. The presence of more factors generating directional spectral peaks is a common characteristic of site response directivity phenomena. Ambient noise analysis is a practical and costeffective method for studying site response on landslide-prone slopes. Despite the popularity of Nakamura method for ambient noise analysis, it has limitations at sites with complex geology. This limitation can be addressed by extracting Rayleigh waves from ambient noise recordings using polarization methods in the time, frequency, or TF domain. The synthetic and real-world examples proved the superiority of polarization methods over classical methods in studying site response in landslide areas.
