**2.2 How can traditional Indigenous knowledge be integrated into climatic risk communication?**

This section will discuss various methods that can help in the integration of indigenous traditional knowledge systems with scientific knowledge. These methods include "scientization," co-management, and co-production by scientization indigenous knowledge systems and science. Traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge systems can be integrated to help address issues of climate-change risk communication. These systems have been in "intimate interaction" with each other for at least 50 years and cannot remain "untouched" by each other [27]. Traditional indigenous knowledge systems comprise the process of observing, discussing, and making sense of new information—in other words, Indigenous ways of knowing [28]. There needs to be a paradigm shift in the system of power between Indigenous Peoples and mainstream power in the contemporary risk communication decision-making process.

The process of "scientization" will separate useful traditional indigenous knowledge from other knowledge, practices, context, and cultural beliefs [29]. While filtering traditional indigenous knowledge for climate-change risk communication, only functional content should be selected. Agarwal [29] describes scientization as the process of particularization, validation, and generalization. Particularization involves selecting useful traditional indigenous knowledge that can be tested and validated. After it is validated, that knowledge is generalized through the steps of cataloging, archiving, and circulating it for use in risk-communication decision-making. Scientization can facilitate the integration of scientific and traditional indigenous knowledge systems for the co-production of climate-change risk communication.

Knowledge co-production can be instrumental for decision-making by sharing information. Armitage et al. [30] assert that knowledge co-production is not merely knowledge integration. It can offer more opportunities to improve the risk communication process through joint gathering, sharing, integration, interpretation, production, and application of knowledge. Knowledge co-production may be facilitated through collaborative research projects between Indigenous Peoples and scientists. Such collaboration may help members of the mainstream scientific community recognize that indigenous observations and assessments offer valuable insights into, and provide local verification of, global scientific models; moreover, taking indigenous observations and assessments seriously may help climate-change experts ensure that adaptation measures align with local needs and priorities [31]. Collaboration between scientific and Indigenous communities can promote innovative and effective adaptation action, and relevant traditional knowledge can inform cost-effective and sustainable climate change adaptation measures.

### *2.2.1 Partnership and governance for knowledge co-production*

Collaborative research projects are bringing Indigenous Peoples and scientists closer to knowledge co-production. To facilitate the co-production process, the
