*Morphology of the Vernacular Masonry Structure in Adana City and Its Qualitative Analysis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108692*

**Table 3.** *Crack and degradation of the masonry; C [8–11].*

## *4.2.1 Vertical actions*

The masonry wall structures are under risk of vertical action, which means vertical loads are subjected to the state of compression. The wall under the state of compression determines different situations depending on the stress, such as gravity loads besides and various magnitudes of seismic actions escalated the amount of vertical loads on the structure.

The masonry walls are composed of a varied number of vertical leaves and quality of materials, which determined its behavior under compression. In the following table, the effect of vertical loads on masonry as a result of cracks, possible sector of rotation, and single wall failure mechanism is symbolized (**Table 4**), [8–11].

**Table 4.** *Vertical actions [8–11].*

*Morphology of the Vernacular Masonry Structure in Adana City and Its Qualitative Analysis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108692*

### *4.2.2 Horizontal loads in-plane actions*

In-plane action, the mechanism of the masonry wall can be triggered by various seismic intensities. The wall's quality and ductility level allow for avoiding collapse even for earthquakes of high intensity.

The quality of the connections between masonry walls, the type of masonry, and the characteristics of the laying materials determine the behavior of the masonry under the effect of in-plane action.

In the following table, the effect of in-plane action on masonry occurs cracks, possible sector of rotation, sliding, and single wall failure mechanisms, which are symbolized (**Table 5**), [8–11].

## *4.2.3 Horizontal loads in out-of-plane actions*

In out-of-plane action, the masonry wall is under the effects of perpendicular loads, categorized as seismic and wind loads. The presence of connections between two leaves of a masonry wall is crucial for its behavior for out-of-plane actions. The

**Table 5.** *Horizontal loads in-plane actions [8–11].*

*Morphology of the Vernacular Masonry Structure in Adana City and Its Qualitative Analysis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108692*

**Table 6.** *Horizontal loads in out-of-plane actions [8–11].*

type and tied connections between masonry leaves are determined by the failure mechanism of the wall structure.

In the following table, the effect of out-of-plane action on masonry occurs in cracks, possible sectors of rotation, and single wall failure mechanisms are symbolized (**Table 6**), [8–11].
