**4.2 Behavior of the masonry wall according to the actions**

The behavior of the masonry wall structures is under the effect of three actions.


Deterioration of brick elements with identification of breakup, detachment, erosion, exfoliation, fracturing, and spalling.

Loss of binder between the joints.

Inflection of timber elements.

Decompose the head of the timber elements.

**Table 1.** *Crack and degradation of the masonry; A [8–11].*

**Table 2.** *Crack and degradation of the masonry; B [8–11].*
