Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow!

*Abdelfatteh Haidine*

#### **1. Introduction—Vehicles everywhere!**

The vehicles played a major role in the evolution of the human life and the industrial/modern society. Helping people to travel and carry merchandise over distances in a short time and in increasing comfort, they did not stop their evolution toward unbelievable and unprecedented manner. In the recent years, vehicles started assisting drivers in the driving, with the long-term objective to overtake the entire driving operations in an autonomous way to reach the full autonomous driving vehicles.

While autonomous driving vehicles are still competing to gain ground in the practice on public roads and fulfill the security requirements, autonomous vehicles have already been established in industrial applications. Different brilliant examples can be cited, as illustrated in **Figure 1**. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones are gaining increasing interest in different applications domains, such as the delivery tasks. The delivery items can be products purchased through online shopping or medical products in emergency situations, such as catastrophes/floods/etc., or accidents in difficult accessibly locations. A second example is the automated guided vehicles (AGV). These have a spread utilization in different industrial domains, such as the AGVs used to transport containers on maritime ports arrays or the AGVs used in the warehouses of giant online trade enterprises. Last but not least, the autonomous maritime vehicles, that is. vessels or ships, are new innovative solution to optimize the maritime transport of goods. The autonomy of the vessels can be one of four levels as defined by the International Maritime Organizations (IMO), as discussed in Ref. [1]:


#### **Figure 1.**

*Vehicles on roads, in the air, in seaports, on the sea, in warehouses and all need to communicate with their environments or remote servers [1–3].*

• *Degree four: Fully autonomous ship*: The operating system of the ship is able to make decisions and determine actions by itself.

All these types of autonomous vehicles require efficient and highly reliable vehicular communications to exchange data and commands with its neighborhoods, in form of other vehicles, sensors, machines (on wheels), the servers in the remote control centers, etc.

#### **2. Internet of vehicles**

The term "Internet of Vehicles" (IoV) refers to the integration of vehicles with the Internet and other communication technologies to enable them to communicate with each other, with infrastructure, and with various services. IoV aims to enhance the safety, efficiency, and overall experience of transportation through the use of connected devices and advanced communication technologies. As illustrated in **Figure 2**, IoV is the evolution of the concept of vehicular communications (initially known as vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V). Its objectives are to cover a wider range of interactions between the vehicles and their environments (neighborhoods and remote servers/ control centers) to cover: Vehicles and Personal Services (V&P), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle and roadside (V&R), vehicle and sensor (V&S), and vehicle and infrastructure (V&I or V2I) [4, 5].

*Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow! DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114074*

**Figure 2.**

*Evolution of evolution of vehicular communications in form of V2X in LTE/4G (left) toward Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in 5G and Beyond-5G (right).*

Generally, the key components of the Internet of Vehicles include:


#### **Figure 3.**

*Vehicular communications covers also unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) interacting/communicating with personal cars, busses, trucks, etc.*


The Internet of Vehicles is part of the broader concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), where everyday objects are connected to the Internet to enable communication and data exchange. The implementation of IoV has the potential to revolutionize transportation by making it safer, more efficient, and more sustainable. The IoV may include also other vehicle types, such as those cited in the previous section, as shown in **Figure 3**. This example includes unmanned aerial vehicles or drones in different forms and types. Either such UAV can be an operational vehicle with specific tasks such as delivery, video surveillance, etc. or it can be a part of communications infrastructure, such as the UAV serving as a base station for the mobile cellular communications [6].

#### **3. Vehicular communications**

Vehicular communication refers to the exchange of information between vehicles and between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. This communication is typically facilitated by wireless technology, allowing vehicles to communicate with each other and with the surrounding infrastructure to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall transportation systems. In general, there are two main types of vehicular communication:

*Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow! DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114074*


#### **3.1 Vehicular communications is a complex landscape**

Vehicular communications, also known as V2X (Vehicle-to-everything) communication, involve the exchange of information between vehicles and other entities such as infrastructure, pedestrians, and the surrounding environment. Various types of vehicles benefit from vehicular communications, and these technologies play a crucial role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall transportation systems. The types of vehicles that can benefit from vehicular communications include:


Vehicular communications are a key enabler for the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), providing a networked environment where vehicles and infrastructure work together to improve road safety, traffic flow, and overall transportation efficiency. The integration of V2X technologies contributes to the development of connected and autonomous vehicles and helps build more intelligent and responsive transportation networks.

#### **3.2 Challenges for vehicular communications**

While vehicular communication holds great promise for improving road safety and traffic efficiency, there are several challenges that need to be addressed for its successful implementation. Some of the key challenges include:


*Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow! DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114074*


Addressing these challenges requires collaboration among stakeholders, including automobile manufacturers, government agencies, communication technology providers, and standardization bodies. Continuous research and development efforts are necessary to overcome these obstacles and realize the full potential of vehicular communication systems.

#### **3.3 Technologies and standards for vehicular communications**

Several standards have been developed over the years to govern vehicular communications, ensuring interoperability, security, and consistency across different systems. A possible categorization of these standards is illustrated in **Figure 4**, based on a proposition from [7], showing three main categories:

The (traditional) vehicular communications: this class includes some of the first solutions for vehicle-to-vehicle communications, with:

a.*IEEE 802.11p (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments - WAVE)*: IEEE 802.11p is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard that specifically addresses wireless

#### **Figure 4.**

*General classification of wireless communications technologies for vehicular communications and applications, extension based on [7].*

communication in vehicular environments. It defines the use of the 5.9 GHz frequency band for dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), supporting V2V and V2I communication. IEEE 802.11bd (Next-Generation V2X - NGV): Under development, IEEE 802.11bd aims to provide advancements beyond IEEE 802.11p with improved performance and new features for next-generation V2X (Vehicle-to-everything) communication. IEEE 1609 Family (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments - WAVE Standards): The IEEE 1609 family includes a set of standards for WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments), covering various aspects of vehicular communication, including networking, security, and message sets.

b.*ISO 24102 (Intelligent Transport Systems - Communication Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) - Facilitation of Traffic Management)*: ISO 24102 provides standards for the communication access for land mobiles (CALM) to facilitate traffic management in intelligent transport systems.

The most dynamic category is the one including the cellular technologies referred sometimes as cellular V2X (C-V2X), such as satellites and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16). However, the most dynamic and innovative solutions are included in standards developed by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) [8]. The vehicular solutions for vehicle communications started with use cases in form of device-to-device (D2D) solution in long-term evolution (LTE) referred as 4G to. This solution evolved in its following generation long- term evolution-advanced pro (LTE-A Pro/4,5G) and reaches its maturity within 5G.

The last category is the short distance wireless communication technologies, which are network protocols in which remote nodes are connected over very short distances. Short-range radio communication can minimize power, volume, heat, and cost. The most known technologies of this category are WIFI (IEEE 802.11), ZigBee, and Bluetooth in both versions the legacy Bluetooth and modern version Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

*Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow! DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114074*

**Figure 5.**

*Vehicular communications and IoV in the heart of development scenarios for the future generation of mobile networks 6G.*

These standards play a crucial role in ensuring that different vehicles and infrastructure components can communicate effectively, promoting safety, efficiency, and interoperability in vehicular communication systems. It is important to note that standards may continue to evolve as technology advances and new requirements emerge. It is important to note that standards may vary regionally, and different countries or organizations may adopt specific standards based on their regulatory and technical requirements. Additionally, the field of vehicular communications is dynamic, with ongoing developments and updates to standards to address emerging challenges and technologies. Therefore, the ongoing works on 3GPP standards for the sixth generation of mobile cellular communications networks (6G) are considering more complex use cases and configurations in Internet of Vehicles scenarios [9]. Such future architecture covers three layers that are completing each other and interacting, as shown in **Figure 5**.

#### **4. Conclusions**

Vehicles are present everywhere in our daily life, in our industries, and societies. The Internet of Vehicles represents an innovative solution to connect all types of vehicles with the neighborhoods and infrastructures. In the paradigm of Internet of Vehicles, vehicular communications play a key role and must fulfill a long list of requirements. Therefore, different categories of wireless communications have been developed over the time. Standards, especially those issued from 3GPP with its work on the sixth generation of mobile communications (6G), are continuing its adaptability to the new service requirements and challenges to offer an economically viable, highly reliable, and performing adaptive communications solution.

## **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

## **Author details**

Abdelfatteh Haidine National School of Applied Sciences El Jadida (ENSAJ), University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco

\*Address all correspondence to: haidine.a@ucd.ac.ma

© 2024 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Introductory Chapter: Vehicles Everywhere, and Vehicular Communications Should Follow! DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114074*

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#### **Chapter 2**
