**3. Conclusion**

In this chapter institutional traps that caused social risks and institutional arrangements for social risk management in pastoral and agro pastoral areas has examined thoroughly. In view of that, governance failures, institutional disincentives, elite's exploitations, and inefficiency were explored as major institutional traps causes of social risks. Risks of human death, loss of property and new version of gun attacks against people and a long run cumulative effects of socio-political instability, border issues, government armed forces attacks and lack good governance has intensified and resulted for over 1 million Oromo people displacement from Somali regions and Djibouti in general and thousands of people displaces, more hundred injured and deaths of many people was also evidenced in the study area.

To manage such social risks, households in the study area used an informal, market, and public arrangement. The findings imply that institutional arrangements are crucial interventions in managing social risks. Thus, this study suggests a welldesigned institution and institutional arraignments for ensuring tenure security and removal of the underlying sources of social risks and challenges thereby help the creation of sustained social protection in the area.

In this regard, future research should focus on exploring a more sustainable social risk management strategy through institutional perspectives and could investigate how social risk management arrangements be institutionalized in the day to day life from a dynamic perspective.
