**1. Introduction**

During drilling, the pipe is said to be stuck when the drill string cannot rotate or move. Pipe stuck is happened due to many reasons like inadequate hole cleaning, fractured and faulted formation, and junk inside the hole. There are two mechanisms of pipe sticking; mechanical sticking and differential sticking. Both mechanisms are affected by fluid design and mud cake [1]. Mechanical pipe sticking occurs due to many drilling obstructions like inclination of the well or key seat difficulty, wherefore high attention, and continuous measurement are required to prevent any changes in

bore deflection [1, 2]. There are many reasons for pipes being stuck such as the inefficiency of lifting the excavated rock fragments, swelling of the shale layers, or the drilling column being lowered in narrow areas. Mechanical sticking happens when the pipe is in motion and sticks due to insufficient cutting slip velocity, poor mud properties, and Poor hole-cleaning. The friction between the tube and wall,) as the well wall generates a groove (which causes inflexibility. Well demolition or rock pieces accumulation inside the mud due to bad clay properties of viscosity also leads to bad sticking and high difficulty of pulling or lowering the pipe during connection [3, 4]. Due to rock interaction, the nature of induced drill strings will be non-smooth. The desirable response of the system is to operate in equilibrium, with a constant rotation, but permanent vibrations or permanent sticking can occur due to large perturbation in the system. Borehole instability is a problem associated with shear failure at the wellbore walls. When the mud pressure is not enough for backing the wellbore, in this case, the peripheral stresses around the wellbore will exceed the rock strength and mechanical sticking will occur. In vertical and deviated wells, the significant wellbore instability problem is a stuck pipe which causes the non-productive time for the majority field's development [5].

The problems and challenges that result in the possibility of blockage of the drilling pipes are included a decrease in productivity, loss of time, and additional operations that lead to the cost increase [6]. All operations will temporarily stop during the nonproductive time while drilling. In addition to financial losses and lost time, there will be a possibility leading to weakening the economics of a project [7]. The mitigation of stick-slip problems via analysis is a very important step in controlling the effective parameters. The parameter combinations that are affected by the rough nature of rock interaction should be determined previously to suppress and control the stick-slip during the drilling process [8]. The main optimization drilling factors are concerned with the rate of penetration, intelligent drilling, wellbore design, and increasing drill tool life. At this point, drilling technologies start using some special analysis trajectories for implementing directional wells in hard rock, and deep well. However, these trajectories may involve some types of complex drilling and will lead to a high-cost increase [9]. Moreover, drilling performance can be limited and effect by many parameters like shocks and drill string vibrations. The mechanical sticking due to the interactions between the borehole wall, drill string, and mud cake during the drill string stopping needs to be predicted to avoid the risks. Drilling problems like loss of circulation, torque, drag, and cuttings transport can be predicted and solved by using the general scheme by utilization of effective drilling data [10]. The crucial task to preventing a stuck pipe is the early identification of the problem. Spotting oil around the pipe section is the more usual way to reduce the pressure and free the stuck pipe [11].

A theoretical evaluation method is a measurement tool used to investigate and control a drilling string. Stuck pipe occurrence is an undesirable event and leads to string failure. Consequently, the analysis and calculation of the drilling conditions are very essential. Pipe sticking that happened in some deviated wells is considered a significant drilling problem. Simulation and analysis are accurate tools for predicting and avoiding severe collapse or failure and decreasing uncertainties of nonproductive time [12]. Predicting method like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is the most powerful tools to avoid stuck pipe risks and can be employed for modifying the drilling variables. It's applicable whenever the relationships between parameters are complicated, and the prediction accuracy may exceed 90% [13]. The Genetic algorithm optimization-based artificial intelligence (AI) is used as an efficient predictive

*Modeling and Analysis Techniques for Solving Mechanical Pipe Sticking Problems… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107307*

analytics technique for drilling pipe stuck. The key contribution was to mitigate the pipe stuck through automate pipe stuck classification by using ML algorithms. During a drilling operation, the most expensive problem that can occur is the pipe stick. Complications of this problem can account for approximately half of the total drilling cost. A genetic algorithm (GA) can optimize the drilling parameters and be used to mitigate the risk of drilling pipe stuck [14]. There are some important procedures and considerations that should follow for the best results in pipe releasing. It involves that the pipe should be free in a short time after sticking. The procedure of freeing the pipe is shown in **Figure 1** [15]. Sufficient hole cleaning is one of the essential factors of a drilling operation's success. Inadequate hole cleaning and wellbore instability are the main factors that caused the mechanical sticking. Non-sufficient hole cleaning is one of the crucial causes of non-successful drilling operations, especially in deviated wells when the inclination angle is between 30 and 60 degrees.

In this chapter, the main causes of mechanical stuck pipe problems have been explained. The finite element software (ANSYS/2019 R3), has been adopted for this analysis to find some possible solutions for mitigating these effects on the drilling process. The findings of this study present the outcome analysis of mechanical stuck pipe which is summarized by dynamic analysis.

**Figure 1.** *The procedure of freeing the pipe [15].*
