Meet the editors

Morteza Saberi Kamarposhti received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Technology Malaysia. He is an assistant professor at the National University of Malaysia (UKM). He has several years of experience in teaching, research, administration, programming, and student affairs. Dr. Saberikamarposhti also has several research publications in well-known international journals and conferences to his credit.

Mahdi Sahlabadi holds a Ph.D. in Industrial Computing from the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and has worked as a researcher at several prestigious institutions, including the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Singapore Management University (SMU), and Sharif University of Technology (SUT). Currently, he is a post-doc researcher at UKM. Dr. Sahlabadi has made significant contributions to

academia and industry and is known for his active involvement in these fields.

## Contents


Preface

The word "anthology" originates from Latin, with its roots in two components: "anto," meaning existence, and "logia," meaning knowledge and study. Therefore, it can be associated with ontology or the study of existence. The first part of this combination refers to the realm of existence, while the second part denotes the knowledge that ancient Greeks sought to attain. Therefore, ontology emerged as a means for the Greeks to understand the world, hence its name. In the context of artificial intelligence, the term "ontology" describes the explicit meaning of the semantic web. It involves the comprehensive classification of objects and their connections in the universe. These concepts and ideas have their origins in deeper philosophical notions. Thomas Gruber, an influential figure in ontology, provided a notable definition for ontologies. According to him, an ontology is a formal representation of a set of terms and their relationships, expressed in a specialized language and stored in a computer-readable file. It is important to note that while "anthology" and "ontology" share a common root, they have

"Anthology" refers to a collection of literary works, while "ontology" pertains to the formal representation of knowledge about a domain, particularly in the context of

Ontologies can be employed in several domains, such as global semantic networks, search engines, electronic commerce, natural language processing, knowledge engineering, information extraction and retrieval, multi-agent systems, qualitative modeling of physical systems, database design, information systems, and geographic

The distinction between ontology in philosophy and ontology in computer science is fundamental. In philosophy, ontology emerges from the inherent order between concepts. However, in computer science, ontology is derived based on the order we assign to concepts. Furthermore, philosophical ontology aims for a comprehensive and universal perspective encompassing all concepts. Conversely, computer science ontology has a narrower focus, excluding elements outside the scope of discussion. It is worth noting that ontologies are not new to the Web. Each "cloud data design" can be seen as an ontology, as it defines a set of conceptual or physical attributes applicable to a specific user group. Typically, ontology is defined as the vocabulary of concepts in a particular field of knowledge organized in a hierarchical structure.

When discussing a topic, it is crucial to understand the subject clearly. Different fields use words with specific meanings, and sometimes even within a clear topic, people may interpret a word differently. The solution is to establish common words that everyone understands. This is where ontology comes into play on the Web.

An ontology lists all the entities in a domain, including their characteristics and connections. The information is organized in a specific format and linked to the Internet

distinct meanings.

and digital libraries.

computer science and artificial intelligence.
