**5. References**

[1] Willmer P, Stone G, Johnston IM. Environmental Physiology of Animals. Blackwell Science, Oxford 2000.

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

[2] Nagy KA. Water economy of free-living desert animals. Int Cong series 2004; 1275: 291- 297.

158 Neuroendocrinology and Behavior

**4. Conclusion** 

central nervous system.

*Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Food Processes,* 

**Author details** 

Sihem Mbarek\*

**5. References** 

Corresponding Author

 \* Science, Oxford 2000.

observed in deprived water laboratory rats treated by an organochlorine pollutant (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during 15 days [66]. According to these authors, the AVP decline was attributable to specific effects of overt toxicity and/or malaise oral of PCBs on vasopressinergic hypothalamic cells function. In combination with the efficacy of *in vitro* application, these data are consistent with direct actions on components of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system present within the SON [67-68]. PCBs has been reported to inhibit nitric oxide synthase activity. It is noteworthy that the inhibition of nitric oxide production in SON tissue punches produces a virtually identical, selective effect on dehydration stimulated intranuclear AVP release *in vitro* [69] and has been reported to exaggerate pituitary depletion of AVP in the intact deprived water rat [70] .

Most strikingly, vasopressin is recognized as circulating hormone. Its actions were essentially confined to peripheral organs. However, currently AVP have been shown to be released in the brain as chemical messengers. AVP, like many peptides, when released within the brain, plays an important role in social behaviour. In rats, AVP is implicated in paternal behaviors, such as grooming, crouching over and contacting pups. AVP is also important for partner preference and pair bonding, particularly for males in a variety of species. It has been shown that AVP has powerful influences on complex behaviours [71]. Disruption of vasopressinergic system has been linked to several neurobehavioural disorders including prader-Willi syndrome, affective disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and polymorphisms of V1a vasopressin receptor have been linked to autism [72].

On the basis of the current study, we conclude that Cd exposure modifies the vasopressinergic neuronal system and provides information regarding the neurotoxicity risks that this element presents for mammals and human populations exposed to Cd even to low amounts without affecting directly water metabolism. We are currently trying to study the linkage between Cd exposure and water controlling behavior at different level of the

, Tounes Saidi and Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir

*Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi Thabet Ariana, University of Manouba, Tunisia* 

[1] Willmer P, Stone G, Johnston IM. Environmental Physiology of Animals. Blackwell


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