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**Chapter 7** 

© 2012 Mbarek et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Mbarek et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Effect of Cadmium Contaminated Diet in** 

Sihem Mbarek, Tounes Saidi and Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50421

colonization and survival [4].

**1. Introduction** 

**Controlling Water Behavior by** *Meriones shawi*

Body fluid regulation is highly diverse among different animals according to their phylogenic position and the ecological condition [1]. The maintenance of water homeostasis in arid and semi-arid rodent habitats is a critical body function to survive the continually changing environmental condition. The combined effects of anatomical adaptations, behavioural patterns and interactions between hormonal systems allow these small mammals to minimize energetic costs and to finely balance body fluids under a wide range of conditions [2-3]. This is made possible essentially, by homeostatic mechanisms that concentrate urine as an indicator of water regulation efficiency as well as an advantage for

*Meriones shawi* (Muridae) a semi-desert rodent found in the coastal zone of North-west Africa from Morocco to Egypt [5], has a particular ability to support water restriction until several months [6]. It appears that water intake and water loss are finely balanced by *Meriones shawi*. Water intake was provided from preformed water of food and by metabolic water production as described by King and Bradshaw [7]. Water loss was limited by the production of very dry feces. In addition, *Meriones shawi* produces concentrated urines as results of high plasma concentrations of arginine-vaspressin (AVP) and a large capacity of increasing hypothalamic AVP synthesis and hypophyseal storage [8]. The mean value to concentrate urine in the *Meriones shawi* submitted to water dehydration during 10 days, increased from 1500 mOsm Kg-1H20/ to 3000 mOsm.Kg-1 H20 under laboratory conditions. The maximal capacity to concentrate urine (recorded under laboratory conditions) ranged from approximately 4500 mOsm Kg-1 H20 in the *Meriones shawi* [9]. The alterations of kidney Na-K-ATPase activity, including pronounced heterogeneity of ATPase distributions in nephrons and increased Na-K-ATPase activity in the medullary limb, observed in response to water restriction, can be responsible for this ability [10]. However, AVP is the most

