**4. Discussion**

36 Neuroendocrinology and Behavior

those who received other treatments.

who received other treatments.

*3.1.3.5. Mobility* 

*3.1.3.6. Velocity* 

treatments.

*3.1.3.4. The entrance frequency to the correct quadrant* 

in pinealectomy condition the subjects who received saline treatments spent more time than

The interaction effect between the group and the treatment was significant, *F*(3, 40) = 6.72, *p* = 0.001, η2 = .34, indicating that in control condition subjects who received diazepam entered more frequently those who received the other treatments, whereas in pinealectomy condition the subjects who received saline treatments entered more frequently than those

No significant effects were found with regard to the mobility in the Morris water maze.

in the control condition were faster than those in the pinealectomy condition.

The main effect of the group was significant, *F* (1, 40) = 11.31, *p* = .002, η2 = .22. The subjects

**Figure 23.** The velocity (VEL) are represented for the Morris water maze. The bar explanations can be seen in Figure 20. (Reproduced with permission from Karakas et al.; published by Elsevier, 2011a.)

The main effect of the treatment was also significant, *F* (3, 40) = 4.16, *p* = .01, η2 = .24. The subjects who received diazepam treatment were slower than those who received other

In addition, the interaction effect between the group and the treatment was significant, *F* (3, 40) = 4.13, *p* = 0.01, η2 = .24. This interaction effect reflected the fact that in control condition subjects who received 100 μg/kg melatonin treatment were slower than those who received the other treatments, whereas in pinealectomy condition, the subjects who received

diazepam were slower than those who received other treatments.

The results of the present study can be described under the two main headings: anxiety-like behaviour (in open field apparatus and elevated plus maze) and spatial memory performance (in Morris water maze).
