**5. Clinical trials of MSC-based cytotherapy for OA management**

In recent years, MSC-based cytotherapy has also aroused the intense interest of clinicians in OA treatment. According to the Clinicaltrials.gov database, a total number of 128 clinical trials have been registered worldwide to explore the safety and effectiveness of MSC-based remedies for OA treatment, and in particular, for knee OA and hip OA (**Figure 1**). Of the aforementioned clinical trials, 22 were respectively registered in China and the United States (USA) and followed by 10 in Korea and 9 in Iran (**Table 1**). Meanwhile, we noticed that most of the registered clinical trials were in Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 stage(s), and a total number 13 trials were in the Phase 3 stage instead (**Table 1**). For instance, by conducting a two-year follow-up visit (NCT number: NCT01183728), Orozco and colleagues reported a significant improvement in cartilage quality in 11 of the 12 enrolled knee OA patients with autologous MSC intervention according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measurements and the pain relief–versus–initial pain score plot [91, 92]. Furthermore, the pain improvement was maintained without significant modifications during the 2-year follow-up, and no serious adverse effects were observed in the aforementioned patients as they previously reported [93].

**Figure 1.** *Clinical trials upon MSC-based cytotherapy for OA administration.*

#### *Arthroplasty - Advanced Techniques and Future Perspectives*


**Rank NCT No. Age Phases Enrollment Location** 39 NCT02003131 18–80 Phase 1, Phase 2 0 Panama 40 NCT04368806 ≥18 Phase 2, Phase 3 140 USA 41 NCT04448106 ≥18 Phase 2 300 USA 42 NCT02958267 40–70 Phase 2 32 USA 43 NCT05288725 18–80 Phase 1, Phase 2 120 USA 44 NCT04863183 30–75 Phase 1, Phase 2 30 45 NCT05147675 Phase 1 20 Antigua and Barbuda 46 NCT04893174 40–90 Phase 1 6 China 47 NCT00850187 45–60 Phase 1 6 Iran 48 NCT04520945 30–70 Phase 2 100 Malaysia 49 NCT04314661 55–70 Phase 1, Phase 2 15 Indonesia 50 NCT01300598 18–75 Phase 1, Phase 2 18 Korea 51 NCT02776943 18–70 Phase 1, Phase 2 20 52 NCT05016011 18–65 Phase 2 50 Malaysia 53 NCT03357770 18–75 Not Applicable 9 54 NCT03589287 ≥40 Phase 1, Phase 2 18 China 55 NCT05349565 41–70 Not Applicable 26 Pakistan 56 NCT01873625 10–65 Phase 2, Phase 3 60 Iran 57 NCT05086939 18–75 Phase 3 120 Spain 58 NCT04240873 20–80 Phase 1, Phase 2 24 Korea 59 NCT02291926 18–75 Phase 1 20 China 60 NCT03818737 40–70 Phase 3 480 USA 61 NCT05027581 40–80 Phase 2 70 China 62 NCT02118519 40–68 Phase 2 13 Jordan 63 NCT03955497 18–70 Phase 1, Phase 2 30 China 64 NCT01879046 ≥18 Not Applicable 35 France 65 NCT03990805 20–100 Phase 3 260 Korea 66 NCT03000712 20–80 Not Applicable 26 Korea 67 NCT03509025 ≥18 Phase 2 11 Korea 68 NCT03014037 18–70 Not Applicable 35 USA 69 NCT03337243 50–85 Not Applicable 60 USA 70 NCT02855073 18–70 Phase 2 28 China 71 NCT04037345 ≥19 Phase 1 12 Korea 72 NCT05344157 40–75 Phase 1, Phase 2 54 Australia 73 NCT05182034 ≥19 Phase 2 90 74 NCT02674399 22–60 Phase 2 28 USA 75 NCT00891501 15–55 Phase 2, Phase 3 25 Egypt 76 NCT03028428 40–75 Phase 2 1

*Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Cytotherapy for Osteoarthritis Management: State of the Art DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108258*


*Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Cytotherapy for Osteoarthritis Management: State of the Art DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108258*


**Table 1.** *MSC-based clinical trials for OA management.*
