**2. Preoperative evaluation**

Patients diagnosed with end-stage primary or secondary osteoarthritis or other inflammatory arthritis, with refractory pain and loss of function that impair daily live activities, having failed conservative therapy, are elected to undergo TKA. It is important to emphasize that only a bad radiograph does not constitute an indication for arthroplasty.

A complete medical history, associated with a general medical examination, should be performed to rule out conditions and comorbidities that may contraindicate the procedure.

Every candidate should be clinically evaluated for weight-bearing alignment, flexion contracture, and ligamentous instability. Preoperative radiological assessment includes:

