Meet the editors

Prof. Dr. Ali Ismet Kanlı received his undergraduate degree from the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul University, in 1989. He obtained an MSc and Ph.D. from Istanbul University, Institute of Science, in 1994 and 1998, respectively. He began his academic career as a research assistant at the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Division of Applied Geophysics,

Istanbul University in 1992. He became an assistant professor in 2001, an associate professor in 2010, and a professor in 2016. Dr. Kanlı is the head of the Applied Geophysics Division, Geophysical Engineering Department, Istanbul University. He has carried out and directed many international and national projects and has several national and international scientific publications to his credit. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for numerous journals. He has also served as a referee for many international and national projects. He is a member of three national and eight international scientific associations. Dr. Kanlı's scientific interests include applied and near-surface geophysics, engineering and environmental geophysics, engineering seismology, exploration seismology, structural geophysics, earthquake engineering, geotechnical geophysics, borehole geophysics and well logging, alternative energy, and geothermal exploration.

Dr. Tye Ching Thian is an associate professor at the School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She received her doctoral degree at the University of British Columbia, Canada. She works in the field of chemical reaction engineering and catalysis. She has been involved in projects to improve catalysis activities, system efficiency, and product quality via different upgrading and treating paths related to petroleum and

unconventional oil processing, such as heavy oil, used motor oil, and renewable resources like vegetable or plant oil. She previously investigated asphalt characteristic enhancement in road pavement technology. Dr. Thian serves as a reviewer and editorial board member for international and national refereed journals, scientific proceedings, and international and national grants.

## Contents


Preface

An oil and gas reservoir is a formation of rock in which oil and natural gas have accumulated. The oil and gas are collected in small, connected pore spaces of rock and are trapped within the reservoir by adjacent and overlying, impermeable layers of rock. Conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs consist of three main parts: the source rock that contains the kerogen that the oil and gas forms from; the reservoir rock, which is the porous, permeable rock layer or layers that hold the oil and gas; and the cap rock, which seals the top and sides so that the hydrocarbons are trapped in the reservoir, while water often seals the bottom. Reservoirs containing only free gas are termed gas reservoirs. Such a reservoir contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, which exists wholly in the gaseous state. With the ongoing energy needs of the world, the importance of oil and natural gas is increasing tremendously in the global

There are different types of crude oils with different properties, such as light crude, heavy crude, and extra heavy crude oils, which are categorized according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) degree of the crude. Normally, the heavier the crude, the higher its asphalt content. In addition, crude oils are also termed sweet or sour based on their sulfur content. In a refinery, crude oil processing mainly involves distillation, cracking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and blending. Depending on the type of crude used as feedstock, different processes are involved, with the main purpose being to convert as much of the barrel of crude oil into transportation fuels. Petroleum processing technology is rather mature. Nevertheless, it continues to develop in consideration of all types of

This book provides comprehensive information on the oil and gas industry, in addition to highlighting technological developments in the field. It is a useful resource for geoscientists,

> **Ali Ismet Kanlı, Ph.D.** Professor of Geophysics, Faculty of Engineering,

> **Tye Ching Thian, Ph.D.** Associate Professor,

Istanbul, Turkey

Department of Geophysical Engineering,

Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa,

School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

market.

sustainability-related challenges.

petroleum and reservoir engineers, and chemical engineers.
