**7. Weed identification and management**

In order to manage weeds effectively, precision weed management techniques are helpful. Precision agriculture combined with remote sensing is today's most promising technology. Although ground surveying for mapping weeds is very labour intensive and time-consuming, it is a good method for mapping weed information for a specific location. Image-based remote sensing can be utilized for weed detection and sitespecific weed management [36, 42, 43]. Using remote sensing technology to identify weeds in crops and to develop weed maps in the field can allow site specific and needbased herbicides to be applied to manage weeds based on the difference in spectral reflectance properties between weeds and crops. The radiance ratio and the NDVI values of solid stands of wheat and solid weed plots were higher in Kaur et al. [44]. Beyond 30 days, radiance ratios and NDVI can be used to distinguish pure wheat from pure *Rumex spinosus* populations. Rumex populations at different levels could be discriminated between themselves after 60 DAS. The radiance ratio and NDVI were used by Kaur and Jaidka [45] to distinguish pure wheat from pure populations of *Malva neglecta* after 30 days after planting and to remain distinct up to 120 days later, and to discriminate between different levels of weed populations after 60 days of planting. Farmers can be advised to take preventive measures based on weed prescription maps that can be prepared with Geographic Information System (GIS).
