**8. Pest and disease infestation**

Crop stress caused by biotic and abiotic factors can be monitored and quantified with remote sensing. To prevent the spread of insects and take effective control measures, remote sensing methodologies need to be perfected for identifying insect breeding grounds. Using remote sensing to assess and monitor insect defoliation, spectral response to chlorosis, yellowing leaves, and foliage reductions over a given period of time has been used to relate those differences' correlations, classifications, and interpretations [46]. Lee et al. [47], for example, have applied remote sensing to map and detect defoliation, characterize pest destruction pattern, and provide information to pest management decision support systems. The authors of William et al. [48] analyzed Landsat imagery before and after defoliation to determine which vegetation types were healthy and unhealthy. A study conducted by Debeurs and Townsend [2] concluded that MODIS data could be used for estimating vegetation indices in plots and determining insect-damaged defoliation. Using remote sensing technology to identify pest-infested and diseased plants has proven to be an effective and inexpensive method reported by Riedell et al. [49]. For detecting specific insect pests and identifying disease damage on oat, they used remote sensing techniques. It is suggested that remote sensing can be used to measure canopy characteristics and spectral reflectance differences in oat crop canopies in order to assess insect infestation damage and disease infection damage. Wheat Streak Mosaic disease management in the wheat crop can be supported by accurate detection and quantification of disease using the Landasat 5TM image, according to Mirik et al. [50]. Using multispectral remote sensing, Franke and Menz [51] concluded that fungal wheat diseases can be monitored with high resolution.
