**3.1 Groundwater irrigation**

Because surface water sources are limited in the Barind Tract, irrigation was started with groundwater through the installation of DTWs. There was no way to collect water without DTWs since the aquifer was so deep in the ground (more than 15 m below the surface). Groundwater is now the primary source of irrigation, drinking, and other uses. Deep tube wells were initially run by diesel engines, which caused plenty of problems for farmers, including crop damage. DTW was then electrified for smooth operation, with a submersible motor pump replacing the diesel engine. Some of the irrigation water recharges groundwater through percolation and some go back into the atmosphere, which helps to improve the environment. **Figure 2** shows a DTW in a crop field.
