**2.5 Sulfurization of jojoba wax**

The word sulfurization refers to sulfur treatment and impregnation. Variations of the reaction conditions were used to make several sulfurized jojoba oils. The products vary in sulfur content and composition, sulfurisation of jojoba oil was researched in detail by Bhatia et al. [31], using elementary sulfur. To add total sulfur, four equal parts have been split. At 125**°**C, 130**°**C, 160°C, and 180**°**C, each part was added followed by a 30-minute rubbing after each addition. For 3 hrs, the sulfurized product obtained was SJO1, which provided SJO2 and SJO3, respectively, with air and nitrogen at 185 ± 5°C. SJO4 was acquired under the above-mentioned circumstances by sulfurization of jojoba oil, followed by nitrogen flushing.

### **2.6 Ozonolysis of jojoba oil**

The cleavage of an ozone alkene or alkyne forms organic compounds in which the double oxygen bond replaces the various carbon bonds. The outcome of the reaction depends on the type of multiple bonds being oxidized and the workup conditions. In 1986, the results from Zabicky and Mhasalkar [32] show the ozone reaction of jojoba wax in order to produce a stable diozonide which can be the starting material for multiple synthetic routes. In contrast to other fatty products, the reaction of wax with oxygen occurs undervarious circumstances, namely, the solvent, temperature, and ozone concentration**.**

### **2.7 Hydroxymethylation of jojoba oil**

McLellan et al. [33] indicated that Lewis' acid-catalyzed additions to jojoba oil are readily available for the transformation to a range of derivatives of hydroxymethylsubstituted analogs.

#### **2.8 Amination of jojoba oil**

Amination is the method of incorporating an amine group into an organic molecule. In a number of ways, such as ammonia or other amines reactions such as alkylation, reductive amination, and Mannich reaction. This may be possible. Amination responses are usually associated with the amine as a nucleophile, as well as the organic compound as an electrophile. Amino derivatives of jojoba were synthesized in two stages by Victor and Arnon in 1994 [34]: Step one: azido derivatives synthesis: (i) by replacing the bromine atom or mesylate group already with an azide ion on the jojoba molecule; (ii) through ring-opening reactions of the azide ion with the epoxide; or (iii) direct adding bromoazide to the double C = C binding. Step two: aminojojoba hydrogenation of the azides. Another explanation is that the high azide excess (2-mol equivalent), the attack of one azide as a base on the more acidic hydrogen simultaneously with the nucleophilic attack of azide ion.

Reduction of azides into primary amines: azides of the jojoba series were thought to be reduced by means of sodium borohydride, a common azide-reducing reagent [34]. Rabab [12] prepared four different types of aminated jojoba derivatives by reacting brominated jojoba with (aniline, 2, 4—dimethylamine and 4—amino benzoic acid).

#### **2.9 Epoxidation of jojoba oil**

Jojoba oil is uncommon for vegetable oils because it does not contain glycerides, since jojoba oil includes both acid and alcohol in its moieties mono-unsaturation, the epoxidation of oil is expected to lead to the creation of a single product. Jojoba oil was epoxied using peracid catalyst [35].

#### **2.10 Polymerization of jojoba oil**

The unique structure of jojoba oil molecule enables it to undergo polymerization readily. The presence of two (carbon = carbon) double bonds introduces the jojoba molecule as a monomer for free radical polymerization. Liu et al. 2014 [36] prepared new dimers of jojoba oil wax esters using acidic catalyst in supercritical CO2 where the double bonds of the jojoba wax esters were opened and formed dimers. Jojoba oil also undergoes homopolymerization, copolymerization, and also terpolymerizaion [37–42].

## **3. Applications of jojoba oil**

Jojoba is the only known plant species containing fluid wax esters for seed storage. It is the vegetable oil of the crushed bean of the shrub (Simmondsia chinensis). Oil is approximately half the weight of the nut. However, Jojoba oil (JO) consists almost entirely (97%) of two monounsaturated hydrocarbon chains associated with ester. The characteristics of JO differ completely from those of other common VOs [6]. In fact, conventional oil plants produce three fatty acids which are attached to a molecule of glycerol, whereas JO is immune to glycerol, which consists of directly related acids. Jojoba oil has many uses. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the uses of jojoba oil and its derivatives in life applications such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical, and their application in petroleum and energy sector such as; lubricants,

corrosion inhibitors, biofuels, and the main unit in material synthesizing. In the following paragraphs, the useful uses of jojoba are mentioned.

### **3.1 Application of jojoba in the pharmacology field**

The multiple plant medicinal, pharmacological, and human health applications of Jojoba are summarized in **Table 2**. The American people have traditionally used sunburn, wound, kidney colic, hair loss, headache, and soreness extracts from crushed plant products, Ranzato, and others [45]. Jojoba grains have produced highly unique waxy oil, which is similar to human sebaceous natural oil, making oil the most efficient candidate for skincare, Henderson 2015 [57].

The phytochemical compounds were obtained by Akl et al. [66], with effective jojoba and jatropha hull treatment which can be used for industrial, pharmaceutical, and nutritional uses. Belostozky et al. [68] have embedded and solidified liquid jojoba oil


**Table 2.**

*Summary of the medicinal and industrial applications of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis).*

into porous, SiO2 (MS) hollow uniforms and have pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications in prepared compounds. In 2008, in skincare compositions, Hössel et al. [69] used cross-linking cationic copolymers and in skin cure compositions, consisting of at least one copolymer. A mix of oils for the therapy or prevention of skin ailments, for example, diaper rash and eczema and for skin softening was used by Henderson, 2015 [57].

#### **3.2 Leather tanning**

One crucial phase in the production of leather is the fat-liquoring procedure, which aims to produce leather with a full, soft handle, suppleness, and pliability as well as to enhance its mechanical qualities. For industrial applications, jojoba oil is of enormous significance. In 2011, El- Shahat et al. [70] studied jojoba oil for further use as a fat-liquoring agent in the leather sector. The investigation includes sulfiting jojoba fat liquid in order to prepare it for use. Under phase transfer catalysis, the sulfitation process was improved based on combined SO3 content (PTC). Phase transfer catalysts of the phosphonium and ammonium kinds were studied using two differently manufactured types: triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TBAC) and benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (BTPP) (TEBA). The tensile strength and elongation at the break of the leather were improved by the fat-liquoring process. Additionally, it was discovered that jojoba fat-liquor significantly improved the texture of the leather after treatment, by using SEM photos.

#### **3.3 As plasticizers**

In a standard formulation of polyvinyl resin, Fore et al. [71], ten maleinated Jojoba oil products have been screened for Buna-N rubber softener as plasticizers. They created methyl and butyl esters of maleinated jojoba oil, methyl esters of maleinated jojoba acids, hydrogenated methyl esters of maleinated jojoba acids, butyl esters of maleinated jojoba acids, hydrogenated butyl esters of maleinated acetylated jojoba alcohols, hydrogenated methyl esters of maleinated acetylated jojoba alcohols, and the ester preparations were assessed as softeners in a nitrile rubber composition and as plasticizers in a copolymer vinyl composition (polyvinyl chloride—polyvinyl acetate) (butadiene—acrylonitrile). Results from the plasticizer screening tests for all jojoba esters that worked well as primary or secondary plasticizers on milling wheels. Following a thorough analysis of the data, it was found that methyl esters outperformed butyl esters in terms of compatibility with milling rolls and plasticizing efficiency, as evidenced by lower modulus, decreased hardness, and increased elongation. Butyl esters only outperform methyl esters in terms of flexibility at low temperatures.

### **3.4 In candle manufacture**

Jojoba oil can be hydrogenated easily into a soft wax and is suitable in candle wax various polishes, coating for fruits and pills, and battery and electric wires insulation [72]. There are numerous possible applications for jojoba oil and its derivatives, including the candle industry. Long-chain alcohols and acids with double bonds in slightly different locations (It is a source of monounsaturated acids and alcohols with 22 and 24 carbon chain lengths.) from those in other naturally occurring fatty acids are found in it. Jojoba oil can be utilized in the production of candles due to its high flash and fire points; it also has superior thermal stability.

*The Vital Uses of Jojoba Oil and Its Derivatives in Daily Life and the Petroleum Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108200*

### **3.5 In textile fibers**

Jaâfar et al. [73] have made compressive knits infused with ethylcellulose (EC) microcapsules. Phase separation was used to create jojoba oil-filled ethylcellulose microcapsules. Jojoba oil was chosen because it prevents sebum buildup and is crucial for hydrating skin. Using acrylic resin (AR) as a binder, the resulting ethylcellulose microcapsules were impregnated into two distinct compressive knit surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the manufactured microcapsules (SEM). The resilience of the microcapsules, the effectiveness of the microencapsulation technique, and the estimation of jojoba oil concentration were also looked into. This method of application enhanced the fabric's surface and made it possible to preserve knit's original qualities, including touch, flexibility, and lightness, to the fullest extent possible, and to avoid the sebum accumulation [74]. Jojoba oil as natural biomaterial was also attempted for UV protective finishing of polyester and other textile substrates [75].

### **3.6 As surfactants, detergents, and emulsifiers**

Jojoba oil has talented surfactant properties [76]. Linh et al. [77] prepared a promising surfactant mixture based on jojoba oil at a relatively lower salinity (0.5% NaCl) that is competitive with, or better than commercial detergents for application of the cold temperature detergent. Due to the elevated hydrophobic characteristics of jojoba oil, Magdassi and Shani have synthesized a number of surfactants [78], and indeed all of the cationic derivatives were surface-active agents. Szumała and Luty [79] demonstrated that jojoba oil, a liquid wax, can influence emulsion stability [80].

#### **3.7 As corrosion inhibitors**

Chetouani et al. [81] studied the effect of adding the natural material, jojoba oil, on molar hydrochloric acid corrosion, had been examined using measurement of weight loss and electrochemical polarization procedures. The rate of corrosion in the presence of jojoba was considerably decreased. The behavior of the amino jojoba derivatives has been examined by Rabab [12], by using mild steel at various temperatures (308, 318, 328, and 338o K) in 0.5N HCl by weight loss and chemical analysis methods.

## **3.8 As lubricating oil/lubricating oil additives**

The application of jojoba oil in the field of lubrication was discovered in the nineteenth century. Jojoba oil has been used as a vegetable oil also it might be used with or without further modification as an additive "Viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, extreme pressure additives…." for the lubrication process [37–41, 63, 80–82]. Jojoba oil was also used in the formation of semisolid lubricants (Grease) (**Table 3**) [13].

#### **3.9 As biofuel, bio jet fuel, and bio-diesel**

Jojoba oil can also be used as a substitute fuel in cars and lubricants [83, 84]. Jojoba oil has high seed energy potential and negligible SOx emissions and relatively


#### **Table 3.**

*Applications of jojoba oil derivatives as lubricating oil additives.*

lower NOx emissions are exhausted when burned. This makes jojoba oil therefore an alternative fuel [85–90].

Biodiesel jojoba has been regarded in latest decades as one of many countries' most renewable energy sources [91]. Jojoba oil is a source of significant combustion energy and stable at a diesel engine's high operating temperature. The oil itself and the biodiesel it produces have viscosities slightly outside the normal range of diesel fuel, but the jojoba-driven biodiesel can be circumvented in a mixture with standard diesel (**Table 4**) [83–95].

*The Vital Uses of Jojoba Oil and Its Derivatives in Daily Life and the Petroleum Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108200*


**Table 4.**

*Applications of jojoba oil as biofuel and biodiesel.*
