**5. Conclusion**

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as a common and heterogeneous respiratory disease, is characterized by persistent and incomplete reversible airflow

limitation. Due to the heterogeneity and phenotypic complexity of COPD, traditional diagnostic methods can only provide limited predictive outcome and treatment information, which is insufficient for accurate diagnosis and evaluation. With the development of omics technology in recent years, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are widely used in the study of COPD, providing good tools for the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosis and elucidation of the complex mechanisms of COPD. In this chapter, based on the risk factors and causes of COPD, combined with metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics studies reported in recent years, possible biomarkers for the diagnosis of COPD are summarized. It is expected to explore important metabolites and proteins involved in important pathways of COPD progression through protein-protein interaction and multi-omics analysis to explain the pathogenesis of COPD. Finally, the prospects and challenges of COPD diagnosis and treatment research are put forward. In the foreseeable future, on a global scale, COPD will remain a major public health problem. Population development in high-income countries and a significant increase in NCDs in low-income countries will accelerate this health burden, with risk factors largely unchanged. A better understanding of the genetic molecules and biology of the different endomorphs and phenotypes of this disease is needed to enable the development of innovative drugs.
