**1.1 Types of bioplastics**

Following is a classification of bioplastics based on the wide definition:


#### **1.2 Sources of bioplastics**

Microbial biopolymers are natural polymers that are produced and broken down by a variety of species; they do not harm the host and have some benefits over petroleum-based plastics [14].

Because of their potential for usage and quick destruction by microorganisms, especially bacteria, biopolymers are innovative and promising. Under stressful circumstances, these biopolymers build up in microbial cells as store resources [15].

Microbiologically synthesized PHAs have shown considerable potential for various applications in the fields of (i) pharmaceuticals: controlled release and drug delivery systems; (ii) agriculture: regulated discharge of pesticides, plant growth regulators and herbicides, and fertilizers; (iii) biofuel: methyl ester of 3 hydroxybutyrate and methyl esters of 3-hydroxyalkanoate (MCL) can be used as biofuels; (iv) medicine: PHAs can be used to create absorbable sutures, bone plates, surgical pins, films, and staples, bone marrow supports, tendon repair tools, ocular implant implants, skin substitutes, cardiac valves, tissues for cardiovascular use, vascular grafts, tissue engineering applications, nerve guides, adhesion barriers, etc.; **(v)** disposable: PHAs may be utilized in the production of razors, food trays, diapers, hygiene items, cutlery, cosmetic packaging, glasses, medical surgical clothes, furniture, carpets, packaging, bags, compostable lids, and other items; and **(vi)** chromatography—Additionally, PHAs may be used as a stationary phase for chromatographic columns [16].
