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## Meet the editors

Hongsheng Huang obtained a BVM from the College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, People's Republic of China; an MPhil in Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; and a Ph.D. in Veterinary Immunology, Microbiology and Pathology from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He is currently a research scientist at Ottawa Laboratory – Fallowfield, Canadian

Food Inspection Agency. His research interests include the development of methods to isolate, detect, and characterize foodborne bacterial pathogens using various approaches, including conventional bacterial culture methods, immunological and molecular methods, nanoparticle biosensors, and genomics tools; to detect and characterize antibiotic-resistant genes in food and environment; and to detect and inactivate abnormal prion protein in animals.

Dr. Sohail Naushad obtained a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from McMaster University, Canada, in 2015, where he identified novel molecular markers for various pathogens, such as foodborne pathogens, *Enterobacteriales, Pasteurellales, and Xanthomonadales*, which affect humans, animals, and plants. After completing his Ph.D., he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Calgary, Canada, from 2015 to 2018, during

which he was supported by the Eyes High postdoctoral fellowship and the NSERC CREATE in the Milk Quality postdoctoral award. During his fellowship, he discovered a new bacterial species, *Staphylococcus debuckii*, and developed algorithms, statistical methods, datasets, and pipelines for analyzing whole-genome sequencing data to understand the phylogeny, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of bovine pathogens. Dr. Naushad is currently working as a research scientist at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ontario, Canada, where he conducts metagenomic and microbiological research. He is involved in the development of a mobile device for the field detection of microbial threats in Canadian food chains and environments using sequencing platforms such as MinION, MiSeq, and Ion Torrent Ion S5.

## Contents


Preface

*Salmonella*, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the *Enterobacteriaceae* family, can cause infections in humans and animals, and is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis. According to the World Health Organization, more than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from diarrheal diseases annually and one of four of

Since the discovery of *Salmonella* in the late 1800s, great progress has been made in understanding its genetics, classification, pathogenesis, detection, prevention, control, and treatments. Numerous reviews and book chapters on *Salmonella* have been published. However, some gaps remain to be addressed. This book presents seven chapters that focus on low-cost prevention, control, and treatment of the salmonel-

The nomenclature of *Salmonella* is complicated and constantly evolving. Chapter 1 provides an updated review of *Salmonella* nomenclature. Currently, it is commonly recognized that the genus *Salmonella* contains two species: *S. enterica* and *S. bongori* based on the genomic relatedness, with *S. enterica* containing six subspecies (subsp.), *enterica* (I), *salamae* (II), *arizonae* (IIIa), *diarizonae* (IIIb), *houtenae* (IV), *and indica* (VI). *Salmonella* isolates are further serotyped using the Kauffmann–White scheme with more than 2600 serovars identified. In addition, three pathogenic serotypes, *Paratyphi C*, Dublin, and Typhi, are identified based on a special subtype of heat-

There are two types of human salmonellosis: (1) gastroenteritis (non-typhoid salmonellosis [NTS]), a localized infection due to ingestion of contaminated food or water, and (2) enteric fever (typhoid fever), a severe and life-threatening systemic infection. Only a small fraction of serovars is associated with human infections, mostly belonging to *S. enterica* subspecies *enterica*, which is composed of more than 1500 serovars. Two of these serovars, *S. typhimurium* and *S. enteritidis*, are responsible for more than 99% of NTS. Typhoid fever is caused mainly by S. typhi, and a clinically indistinguishable condition caused by S. Paratyphi A. Typhoid fever remains a global health problem, especially in the developing countries with substandard water supplies and poor sanitation. Certain *Salmonella* such as *Salmonella enterica* subsp. *salamae*, subsp. *arizonae*, subsp. *diarizonae, houtenae*, *S. enterica* subsp. *indica*, and *S. bongori* are usually isolated from cold-blooded animals and the environment with a potential to cause

Animals are major reservoirs of NTS. As reviewed in Chapters 1, 2, and 3, the transmission of NTS infection to humans can occur through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected animal waste, direct contact with infected domestic, wild, and companion animals, or consumption of infected animal food products, and direct contact with the contaminated environment. S. typhi causing typhoid fever can be transmitted through contaminated food and water or through close contact with

these diseases is caused by *Salmonella* each year.

sensitive K antigen at the bacterial capsular surface.

losis in developing countries.

disease in humans.
