Cultivars, Rootstocks, Nursery and Production Techniques of Malus Species

#### **Chapter 7**

## Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems

*Richard M. Bastías and Alexandra Boini*

#### **Abstract**

Apple crop is more and more cultivated under protective netting systems. Depending on the location and sunlight intensity, apple orchards can benefit from these installations, as they will be protected against extreme weather events. Depending on the technical features of the thread, the nets will be hail-proof, wind-proof, or rain-proof, while having different shading percentages. Modern fruit production faces high pressure also related to biotic stressors; thus, modern protective nets are designed to aid pest management. These protective systems become interesting, as they will induce changes in the orchards' microenvironment, with consequences on crop physiology. Netting mainly reduces incoming solar radiation and wind speed, altering the heat balance. Leaf gas exchanges and water relations can be positively influenced by netting in apple cultivation areas with extreme solar radiation, high temperatures, and low water availability. These considerations are important, especially if the final yield and quality are not compromised by shading. These protective systems can allow higher sustainability of apple production, lowering resource use, along with crop protection.

**Keywords:** *Malus domestica* borkh, protected crop, nets, sunlight, orchard management, physiology

#### **1. Introduction**

Orchard netting is a technique that has become widespread in apple production to prevent damage from adverse climatic events, such as sunburn in countries such as Chile, South Africa, the United States, and Australia [1–4], hail in countries such as Germany, Italy, and Spain [5–7], and insect attacks such as codling moth in countries such as Italy, France, and Canada [6, 8, 9]. This wide range of uses of netting in apple trees implies the adoption of different installation systems and net designs, differentially impacting microclimatic conditions of light, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed [9–11], and with a consequent effect on plant physiological responses, such as leaf gas exchange, water relations, tree growth, floral development, and fruit quality traits [12–16]. Greater environmental and biological stress pressure due to climate change is forcing the use of netting to be essential by apple growers, but at the same time imposes the challenge of adjusting orchard management practices to the particular microclimate and physiological plant conditions that are generated under netting, such as irrigation, pruning, crop load regulation, and pest control [7, 17], as well

as the need for innovation in new netting systems that are compatible with sustainable fruit production [18]. This chapter provides an overview of netting in apple orchards, including installation systems, net designs, their effects on microclimate and plant physiology, and the innovative development of photo-selective nets and sustainable netting systems.

### **2. Netting systems**

### **2.1 Netting structure**

The most appropriate netting structure for apple orchard covering depends on the commercial purpose, installation cost, climatic conditions, and benefits pursued [19]. The most common structure system is the anti-hail roof type (**Figure 1** leftabove), which has become widespread among apple growers in countries such as Italy, Germany, and Spain [20, 21], and some South American countries such as Chile and Argentina [17]. This system allows good ventilation of the orchard and, thanks to the slope of the roof, favors the discharge of hail that slides and accumulates toward the net junction between the rows, thus avoiding damage to the installation system due to overweight from an extreme hailstorm [19–21]. A second system is the shading roof system (**Figure 1** right-above), which is widely used in apple production areas with a high incidence of solar radiation and extreme temperatures, and to protect fruits against sun damage [17]. It has the advantage of greater access to machinery between rows and lower investment costs in netting materials and structure while being

#### **Figure 1.**

*Apple orchards under netting structures of anti-hail roof system (left-above), shading roof system (right-above), plot exclusion system (left-below), and single row exclusion system (right-below).*

*Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429*

also effective in mitigating the effects of hail and wind. However, the disadvantage of this system is the low stability against extreme hailstorms, given the absence of slopes, thus not allowing hail to slide and discharge, increasing the structure tension by the hail weight [22]. Other systems are exclusion nets that can totally plot the orchard, or just single rows (**Figure 1** left-right-below). These systems offer total protection against hail, sunburn, and the impact of wind [22]. Additionally, they allow protection from the attack of pests, limiting chemical pesticide use. It has been demonstrated that the single-row exclusion system in apple orchards allows a reduction of fruit injury by codling moths near to 99%, without any application of specific insecticide, since this netting excludes the male moths flying over the tree canopy [8]. However, this type of system requires ventilation management, especially in areas with hot summers, since they can induce problems of increased temperature and relative humidity. Furthermore, these systems are more expensive, since more netting materials are needed to cover the total plots or single rows of apple orchards [21, 22]. Besides, it has been observed that these systems tend to accumulate dust on the topmost part, year after year, along with moss formation.

#### **2.2 Net designs**

Different types of nets are used in apple orchards, which differ in their weaving and colors. The first is the "Raschel" type net, which is commonly used for shading, with flat threads joined by chains of transverse threads, called the warp, that tie the transverse flat threads, called weft (**Figure 2**), preventing them from falling apart due to the action of the wind or hail fall [20]. The second group of nets is the "Leno" type net (**Figure 1**), which is made of monofilament yarns, woven orthogonally in both weft and warp directions. The warp corresponds to a double fiber of threads that transversally encloses each thread of the weft that is positioned longitudinally (**Figure 2**). This type of net is more rigid than the previous one and is more suitable against strong hailstorms [20]. From the mechanical point of view, the "Raschel" net exhibits a very fragile and linear elastic tension in the weft direction, and higher resistance and nonlinear tension in the warp direction, while the "Leno" anti-hail net shows fragile and lineal tension in the warp direction, and higher strength nonlinear

#### **Figure 2.**

*Details of threads design of black, white, and red shade nets (above), and black, white, and red hail net (below) commonly used to protect apple orchards.*

tension in the weft direction [23]. The color of the net is obtained by adding pigments to the HDPE polymer during the manufacture of the yarns. The most common colors of nets used in apple orchards are black, white, and red (**Figure 2**), although blue, green, yellow, and gray nets also have been used by apple growers. The color of the net exerts a selective effect on sunlight transmission, altering the light spectrum and the ratio of direct vs. diffuse light. This will ensure the effects on the plant's physiological and productive responses as has been widely evaluated in apple trees and will be analyzed in more detail during the development of this chapter [10–15].

#### **3. Microclimate conditions**

#### **3.1 Light conditions**

The main microclimate impact of netting is in the reduction of incoming photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), which could be affecting the most important physiological process determining the fruit yield and quality in apples, such as photosynthesis and carbon allocation [24]. The influence on nets in the PAR reduction is widely affected by the net design; thus, translucid-type nets reduce up to 7% of PAR light availability, while PAR under black anti-hail is reduced by 18%. In addition, the combination of thread colors also influences the quantity of PAR light reduction under netting. White-green net reduces up to 13% of PAR transmission, while under red-black nets the reduction of PAR availability is near 16% [25]. These differences in PAR availability among nets are due to the fact that the color of the threads alters the diffuse light proportion concerning total light transmitted under netting. In this sense, it has been shown that apple orchards covered with a pearl net provide 4% more PAR light available than those covered with a red net, due to the increase in diffuse light [26]. In this case, the pearl net increases the proportion of diffuse light by up to 15% compared to the red net (**Figure 3**).

On the other hand, the color of nets has a direct influence on the spectra transmission of sunlight [11, 27]. White, gray, or black color nets do not alter the spectral transmission of light at any of the wavelengths (**Figure 4**), while red and blue netting differentially alter light transmission in the specific wavelengths. The red net reduces

#### **Figure 3.**

*Total (a) and diffuse (b) photosynthetic light incident in "Gala" apple orchard under pearl and red netting (adapted from Umanzor et al., 2017).*

**Figure 4.**

*Spectra light transmission of colored hail and shade nets commonly used to protect apple orchards (adapted from Bastías et al., 2012; 2021).*

transmission in the blue light spectrum (400–500 nm) and increases it in the red (600–700 nm) and far-red (700–800 nm) light spectrum, whereas the blue net alters light transmission in the opposite way (**Figure 4**). It has been shown that these changes in the wavelength of light transmission modify different vegetative and reproductive responses in apple orchards grown under red and blue nettings, such as shoot and fruit growth, and leaf gas exchange, and that they are probably governed by the activity of specific photoreceptors such as phytochromes and cryptochromes [11, 12, 28].

UV radiation is another component of sunlight that is affected using nets and that plays an important role in the apple fruit quality, by stimulating the synthesis of anthocyanins, the pigment responsible for the red color of the fruit [29], as well as for its action on the photo-oxidative damage that originates in the apple sunburn due to overexposure to direct sunlight [30]. It has been shown that, depending on the color and weave of the threads, the nets used to cover apple orchards reduce UV light transmission by 10–13% more than PAR light, due to the additives that are incorporated during its manufacturing to increase its durability and resistance to UV rays. Thus, for a transparent and black monofilament net that reduces PAR light by 7 and 18%, the reduction of UV light with these nets is 20 and 29%, respectively [25].

#### **3.2 Temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed**

Covering netting mainly reduces the global solar radiation incoming and wind speed, thus altering the heat balance in the orchard and with the consequent impact on air and canopy temperatures [31]. The density of net weaving directly affects the magnitude of temperature changes under netting. No significant changes in environmental temperature were observed under nets with low thread density and with shade levels between 20 and 25% [10, 31], while the use of 50% shade nets reduces the air temperature by up to 1–3°C, and especially with 50% black nets [32].

The effect of the nets on the relative humidity in apple orchards depends on the climatic condition, planting system, and geographical location. In more arid environments such as Australia, the use of netting increased the relative humidity by up to 15% [33], but in other arid environments such as the state of Washington, the relative humidity did not change in apple trees under different net colors [10], while in more humid environments such as Germany, the relative humidity was reduced from 3 to 5% in apple orchards grown under netting [28].

Protecting apple orchards with netting also reduces wind speed at the tree canopy level, and its effect depends on location, planting system, and density of the net weaving. In the States of Washington and Australia, a reduction of about 50% in wind speed was reported in apple trees growing under 20% shade nets [32, 34], while in Chile, the use of 23% shade net reduced the wind speed by 69% with a direct impact on the reduction of loss of sensible heat flux in apple orchards [31]. Finally, the use of colored nets at 50% shade allowed to reduce wind speed by up to 89% when compared to the condition nets [34].

#### **4. Physiological tree responses**

#### **4.1 Leaf gas exchange**

The influence of the use of the nets on apple leaf net photosynthesis rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) has been reported with different responses, depending on the netting system, cultivar, and climatic conditions (**Table 1**). In South Africa, the use of 20% shade black net decreased An and gs by 14 and 21% compared to the condition without netting, and attributable to morphological changes of the leaves growing under netting [35]. Similar results were observed in Germany under cloudy day conditions with the use of 12% shade green-black net in the cultivar "Fuji." In this case, the An was 21% lower in apple leaves growing with this net [28]. Under more extreme environmental conditions with greater intensity of solar radiation and high temperatures, the use of netting has been favorable in increasing An and gs in apple trees (**Table 1**). In the state of Washington, covering "Honeycrisp" apple trees with


#### **Table 1.**

*Variation in net photosynthesis rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) in apple cultivars grown under different climate conditions and netting systems.*

*Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429*

a blue net at 22% shading allowed an increase of about 30% in the leaf An and gs, when the trees grew under hot conditions [36]. Similar results were obtained in Chile in "Brookfiel Gala" apple trees covered under a 22% pearl-gray net and in which An and gs increased by 54 and 52%, respectively, when the conditions of temperature and solar radiation were widely extreme [31]. In Portugal and under Mediterranean climate conditions, the use of black netting at 22% shade in "Goden Delicious" apple allowed an increase of An and gs by 60 and 80%, respectively [37].

Differential response in An and gs under netting may be due to the particular light conditions that are generated under the nets and that affect the leaf function and morphology [12], as well as to the temperature conditions that prevail in the apple-growing area [36]. In this sense, the color of the net affects these responses, as has been shown in "Fuji" apple trees growing under 40% shade blue and red nets. In this research, it was shown that the gs in leaves growing under the blue net increased by 21% compared to the red net, and attributable to the effect of blue light on the stomatal opening stimulus [12]. In the same study, it was also shown that this increase in gs resulted in a similar increase in the rate of transpiration (E), but without a significant effect on An, implying a lower efficiency in the water use of the leaves that grow under the blue net. Another study indicates that the increase in gs and An by about 50% in apple trees due to the use of 22% shade pearl-gray net also allowed for a 25% higher water use efficiency measured as An/E [31]. These results indicate that the selection of the color and percentage of shading are very relevant to consider in apple cultivation under areas with extreme solar radiation, high temperatures, and low water availability [12, 31, 36, 37].

#### **4.2 Water relations**

As previously said, net application in orchards will impact the microclimate; thus, the tree's responses will also differ in terms of water use. Since there is a decrease in the incoming solar energy, the leaves will need less water for evaporation, a consequence of necessary heat loss to manage the entering energy. This amount of outcoming water flux by evaporation from the apple orchard under netting depends on the quantity of light determined by the shading percentage of the net, but also by the quality of light determined by the color of the net. Higher radiation leads to higher latent heat flow; thus, there will be higher heat dissipation [13, 38–40]. In unlimited water availability scenarios, water loss for cooling purposes will take as long as the optimum leaf temperature is maintained. However, when water is limited, stomata will close to prevent excessive water loss, thus preventing dehydration [13, 39]. Apple sap flow studies showed that trees under a 20% shading net indeed have higher xylem water transport rates, compared to trees under a 50% shading net [13]. Another study showed improved water status for apple trees under a 50% shading net [41], compared to those without net, or even to those under a 20% shading net [42]. In these cases, trees experiencing higher incoming light may have reached, or exceeded, the "threshold" at which transpiration was higher than root water uptake. Stomata closure to avoid dehydration resulted in more negative water potentials. It is likely that trees under 50% shading are growing in less stressful conditions, than those grown under lighter shading, or no shading at all. It is expected that, in a more shaded orchard, a certain amount of water may still be available in the soil [40].

These results suggest that apple trees in shaded environments are able to lower their water requirements. Since reference evapotranspiration (Et0) is with doubt lower the more shade there is [43, 44], Kc will be lower for apple trees in more shaded orchards (**Figure 5**) [45, 46].

#### **Figure 5.**

*Estimated crop coefficient (kc) values and percentages for different light environments in a "Gala" orchard (adapted from Boini et al., 2018).*

The resulting crop evapotranspiration (Etc) will decrease, compared to less shaded growing conditions. Apple trees can be more efficient in terms of water use, under shaded environments [37], even in conditions of water shortage [18]. Anyhow, increasing shade along with irrigation volumes that reflect Etc will lead to similar water potentials (**Figure 6**).

When the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum are manipulated (with photoselective nets, e.g.), water relations can be influenced according to a photomorphogenic effect. Hence, a low-red/far-red light environment will generate higher water uptake [13]. There will be a tendency to have less negative water potential [12, 13]; thus in unlimited water conditions, certain wavelengths increase tree water consumption. On the other hand, blue light was found to maintain a better water status (midday stem and leaf water potentials), compared to no shading [36], although

#### **Figure 6.**

*Daily average stem water potential for two apple cultivars in two different netted environments (unpublished data).*

#### *Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429*

there were no other colored nets as a comparison. When a photoselective net is thicker in order to increase the shading percentage (40–50% shading), the more intense certain wavebands will be. This can heavily impact the responses described. If the nets are designed to maintain a lighter shading percentage (max 20%), it is possible that the intensity of such wavebands is not strong enough to induce a visible effect, at least in the short term. Other factors will markedly dictate orchard responses, such as the pruning history and the weather Yield and fruit quality of apple cv. "Jonagold" under hail protection nets [18, 47].

#### **4.3 Vegetative and reproductive growth development**

Protective netting leads to higher shoot development and elongation, depending on the intensity of the external sunlight and the shading percentage of the nets. In general, lower PAR environments trigger shade-avoidance responses, to different extents [11]. As specified in the previous sub-section, shaded canopies experience low R/FR ratios, pushing shoots in search of richer PAR areas. However, there are cases that report no differences in "Fuji" shoot growth, comparing light-shading nets with uncovered controls [28], probably due to the well-known alternate bearing behavior of this cultivar.

Other vegetative growth and development features include leaf area and thickness. These characteristics will vary based on the quantity of filtered light and also on its quality. In this case, discriminating between these two properties of shading nets appears easier. Heavy shading produces smaller and thinner leaves, typical of inner canopy foliage, while the more exposed ones generate extra palisade layers, to better manage the higher incoming solar energy. In fact, extra palisade cells were found in PAR and blue-rich light environments under netting [12]. A wider leaf area is also typical of highly illuminated environments, although nets with higher PAR, or blue light, transmittance will generate bigger leaves [11, 28].

Effects of shading can occur on reproductive growth. Return bloom will be primarily influenced, as light is essential for flower bud formation; however, the responses could vary on the cultivars and the shading percentage. No differences were found for "Rosy Glow" apple, when comparing different percentage of shading (Boini, unpublished work); "Gala," "Fuji," and "Granny Smith" apple cultivars can be negatively affected by shading, with significantly fewer flower buds under more shade [28, 48, 49]. To overcome this possibility, installing reflective mulches will increase PAR distribution in the canopies, with positive results the following year [49]. Fruitlets will have to compete with vegetative shoots, for growth resources, especially in the first weeks after full bloom. In fact, this period is so crucial, and growers will not open protective netting before 3–4 weeks after full bloom. The timing depends on the location of the orchard; thus, some may see the nets open more than a month after full bloom. After such a period, there will still be competition between vegetative and reproductive organs [15]. The spur canopy needs good light interception, in order to increase the leaf area, so as to have higher photosynthates products to be sent to fruitlets. In this case, white or pearl nets with high scattering properties would improve these agronomical aspects.

#### **4.4 Fruit quality traits**

The location of the orchard will be the most important aspect. Different cultivating areas cannot be compared, as the tree's physiological responses will change, although the protective netting may be the same. The responses of apple fruit's final quality to shade can be conditioned by the color of the nets and by their light scattering properties. Considering black, gray, and white (pearl), the results can be different when looking at certain traits and can be considered cultivar-dependent [50].

Red color development for summer varieties can be penalized or delayed by certain protective nets, exclusion nets, for example, as daily thermal excursion may not be enough to induce anthocyanin synthesis. Nevertheless, the protective netting is beneficial against sunburn damage, as it has been demonstrated that this physiological disorder is related to high solar intensity along with high air temperatures [3]. It has been shown that the effectiveness of sunburn control through netting is related to lower photoinhibition at the level of the skin of the apple. Thus, in the cultivars "Fuji" and "Gala," the photochemical efficiency of the PS-II of the skin of the fruits that grew under nets was 3% and 12% higher in comparison with the fruits that grew exposed to full sunlight, respectively [16]. The protection of the fruits against sunburn through netting causes different responses in the composition of color pigments and antioxidants in the apple skin, which depends on the cultivar and type of net. While in "Gala" apples the use of red net favors the accumulation of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity, and in "Fuji" apples the use of pearl net decreases the accumulation of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity in the fruit skin [1]. Due to changes in the transmission of PAR and UV light, the antioxidant composition of anthocyanins and vitamin C is widely altered in apples that grow under the netting systems. It has been reported that the anthocyanin content was 2–6 times lower in "Fuji" apples grown under red and blue 40% shade net, in comparison with uncovered trees [51]. In the same way, it has been shown that the vitamin C content decreased by 31% in apples under the black-green net, and only by 10% under the white-red net, while in white translucent net, the vitamin C content was increased by 5% [52].

Another quality trait that is affected by the use of netting in apples is the size of the fruit, in which effect varies depending on the climatic condition, cultivar, and type of net. In Spain, the use of black 25% shade net reduced the fruit size in "Mondial Gala" apples [53], while in Brazil the use of white 18% shade net increased the fruit size in "Gala" and "Fuji" apples [48]. In Italy, the use of blue 40% shade net increased the fruit size in 'Fuji' apples, compared to the use of red 40% shade net [14]. In Chile, the use of a pearl-gray net at 22% of shading factor also increased fruit size in "Brookfield Gala" apples, attributed to the higher net assimilation of CO2 found under this net and which provides greater availability of carbohydrates for fruit growth [31].

Finally, changes in fruit firmness have also been reported in apples under netting, which are closely linked to changes in light conditions. The use of a black 15% shade net increased fruit firmness in "Fuji" apples, while black 55% shade net decreased it [54]. The differential effect of the color of the net on fruit firmness in apple trees has been attributed to the role played by the light quantity and quality on changes in the size and density of cells during the fruit growth and development process [55].

#### **5. Photoselective nets**

In the last decades, advances in netting systems have focused on the development of photoselective materials with the capacity to transmit selectively the solar radiation to promote positive physiological responses and improve the yield and fruit quality through the addition of specific colors during the manufacture of the nets [56]. In the first studies carried out on apple trees, it was verified that the use of the

#### **Figure 7.**

*Detail of trial in commercial "Granny Smith" apple orchard under combined pearl-gray, blue-gray, and bluepearl nets, in comparison with black net. Maule region, Chile.*

photo-selective blue net allowed to increase in fruit growth in comparison with the red net, and through the promotion of greater photosynthesis and partition of assimilates toward the fruit [14]. Photoselective nets also affect the sap flow and water use in apple trees; the use of the pearl net was more effective in reducing water consumption in relation to the red net, with a direct effect on decreasing the sap flow [13]. Other more recent works demonstrate the potential of using photoselective colored nets in the biological management of the codling moth in apple orchards. In this case, the parasitoid capacity of the moth larva was affected by the color of the nets; females found their host faster under red and pearl nets when compared to black nets [57]. In recent years, new photoselective net materials have been incorporated with the specific purpose of controlling sunburn on apple orchards through the reduction of light transmission in the UV and IR spectra, which are based on combined colored pearl-gray, blue-gray, and pearl-blue nets (**Figure 7**); its use in commercial apple orchards allowed reducing sun damage in fruits with an effectiveness of 49%, 45%, and 33% in the "Granny Smith," "Cripps Pink," and "Fuji" cultivars, respectively, and in relation to the use black netting [17].

#### **6. Conclusion**

Netting systems can increase the sustainability of apple production, limiting the use of resources, from water to chemical treatments for pest control. For this reason, this technology has been widely expanded in different apple-producing areas of the world, with different alternatives in installation structures, net design, and color that offers the possibility of differential management of the orchard microclimate and crop physiology to obtain certain benefits such as the use of water, availability of photo-assimilates, vegetative and reproductive growth control, and regulation of some fruit quality traits. The existing knowledge to date about the impacts of netting systems on plant physiology offers the possibility of exploring new applications

(photoselective nets) in apple production and under different climatic conditions, but at the same time, it raises some questions from the environmental sustainability point of view. The question arises whether the actual production of the nets is going to compromise an environmentally sustainable fruit production process. The first concerns outweigh the agricultural benefits of netting on natural predators in integrated pest management [58]. A second point is related to how the netting system works well with recycling and re-uses the HDPE for constructing a series of elements, such as pumps, valves, and pipework, which is one of the best strategies [59]. Finally, increasing interest in biobased and sustainable netting systems leads to the development of polymers containing polysaccharides and raw materials. However, these biodegradable materials were still less than 1% of the produced plastics and eco-friendly additives that could extend their lifespan are still far from being produced [60].

### **Author details**

Richard M. Bastías1 \* and Alexandra Boini2

1 Department of Plant Production, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile

2 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: ribastias@udec.cl

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429*

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[37] Brito C, Rodrigues MÂ, Pinto L, Gonçalves A, Silva E, Martins S, et al. Grey and black anti-hail nets ameliorated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Golden delicious) physiology under Mediterranean climate. Plants. 2021;**10**:2578. DOI: 10.3390/ plants10122578

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supplies. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2004;**162**:439-447. DOI: 10.1016/j. jplph.2004.05.014

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#### **Chapter 8**

## Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening in Kazakhstan

*Yuliya M. Yefremova, Marina V. Urazayeva and Saule Sh. Kazybaeva*

#### **Abstract**

The results of the study of clonal rootstocks of apple trees of various ecological and geographical origins, varieties of fruit, berry crops, and grapes of local selection are presented. According to the efficiency of reproduction in the mother liquor and fields of nursery formation, as well as the short stature of trees of grafted varieties in the garden, precocity and productivity, clonal rootstocks of the apple tree B7-35, Arm18, 62-396, and B16-20 were distinguished. Their important role in unlocking the potential of ancient apple varieties in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan. These rootstocks and varieties are recommended for propagation and creation of highly productive orchards. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan provided funding within the framework of the budget program 267 "Improving the availability of knowledge and scientific research" under subprogram 101 "Programtargeted financing of scientific research and activities" – Creation of varieties and hybrids of fruit and berry, nut crops and grapes based on the achievements of bio and IT technologies, 2021–2023yy. No. BR10765032.

**Keywords:** clonal rootstocks, nursery, seedlings, varieties, intensive gardening, selection

#### **1. Introduction**

In recent years, the economy of Kazakhstan has been steadily outpacing the average world growth rates, ensuring the progressive socioeconomic development of the country. In 2019, GDP growth amounted to 4.5%, accelerating the momentum gained in 2017–2018. More than 85% of economic growth in 2019 was provided by the non-primary sector of the economy. These are construction, manufacturing, and services in general. That's where the growth prospects for the village. Therefore, our task is to at least increase productivity in the agro-industrial complex by 2024. Only agro-industrial diversification, that is, a sharp increase in the processing of agricultural raw materials, new equipment, new technologies, and approaches in agriculture, can solve this difficult task. It is necessary to use world experience, to quickly introduce it into our agriculture [1].

At present, in Kazakhstan, the production of fruit and berry products, as well as early vegetables during the off-season, is not sufficient. At the same time, there is a great potential for increasing the production of these products, given the favorable natural and climatic conditions of the southern regions of the republic for the cultivation of fruit crops and grapes. There is also a large market for fruit products in the border regions of the Russian Federation. One of the effective ways to increase the production of these products is the introduction of advanced technologies, in particular, intensive orchards with a high planting density, accelerated entry into commercial fruiting, and high yield potential. In order to implement the Program for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2013–2020 "Agribusiness-2020," a Master Plan "Fruit and Vegetable Growing" was developed [2].

The main requirements of industrial horticulture are to obtain early-growing, high-yielding and low-growing fruit trees. These main requirements of intensification are achieved by introducing new varieties and rootstocks into the assortment, using various agro-technical methods, and using completely new types of planting structures [3, 4].

In the practice of managing the genetic diversity of planting material in Kazakhstan, a course has been taken to create gardens on low-growing vegetatively propagated (clonal) rootstocks, as well as to obtain highly adaptive varieties of horticultural crops by breeding [5].

In this regard, F&VRI has obtained a unique collection of rootstocks and varieties from various fruit growing regions of the world, as well as varieties of local selection, which has replenished the agro-diversity of fruit crops in Kazakhstan. Long-term studies have identified a group of rootstocks with positive economic and biological characteristics, in particular, good adaptability to local soil and climatic conditions of growth, contributing to high productivity of trees with good fruit quality [6].

At present, the isolated rootstocks of apple trees and varieties of horticultural crops form the basis for the development of a system for conducting intensive horticulture in Kazakhstan. The use of their biological potential will significantly increase the profitability of orchards in newly created peasant and farm enterprises and support their economy [7].

#### **2. Materials and methods**

The objects of research in the mother liquor, fruit nursery, and orchards were new for Kazakhstan clonal apple rootstocks and varieties of local selection of horticultural crops. The studies were carried out in the mother liquor of vegetatively propagated rootstocks, in the fields of nursery formation and in gardens of Almaty, Zhambyl, and South Kazakhstan regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Over the years of research, 150 clonal rootstocks of apple trees were studied, including 14 forms of apple trees of the M series, No. 34–30, No. 34–38, (England, East Malling Research Institute of Horticulture), 12 types of the MM series (England, East Malling Research Institute and D. Innes Research Institute of Horticulture), 10 rootstocks bred by V.I. Budagovsky, 4 rootstocks of the North Caucasian Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, 52 forms of the B series (Dagestan, Buynaksk Experimental Station), 18 types of the Arm and LA series (Armenia, NIIVV and C), etc. The controls are generally recognized in world practice dwarf rootstocks M9, srednerosly MM106, in the gardens of the *Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

seed rootstock Nedzvetsky's apple tree. Introduced and domestic varieties and hybrids of grapes. The genetic fund of grapes in Kazakhstan is more than 500 variety samples, where varieties are collected from almost all viticulture regions of the world, of which 28 varieties are selected by the Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture [8].

The soils of the experimental plot are dark chestnut, low humus, the average content of humus in the arable horizon is 2.3% with a deep occurrence of pebbles. The soils of the experimental plots before the laying of the experiments had an average supply of hydrolyzable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, zinc, low boron, and high manganese [9].

According to the mechanical composition, the soils are medium loamy. Soilforming rocks are deposits represented by loess-like loamy clays, which are characterized by an increased content of carbonates. The soil reaction is alkaline, pH – 7.8.

The studies were carried out according to the methodological recommendations of the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture [10], All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture. I.V. Michurin [11], Uman Agricultural Institute [12], scientific institutions of the Baltic Republics and Belarus [13].

#### **3. Results and discussion**

The manufacturability of the rootstock in the mother liquor of vegetatively propagated sub-roots was determined by such indicators as the shoot-producing ability of mother bushes, the absence of shoots with lateral branches, the number of rooted shoots, the degree of rooting, and the output of standard layering.

For many years, the introduction and study of seed and clonal rootstocks of apple, pear and stone fruit species have been carried out in the nursery and orchards. Experimental gardens were laid in Almaty, Zhambyl, South Kazakhstan regions. Combinations of rootstocks with apple tree varieties Aport, Zarya Alatau, Golden Delicious, Milton, Jonathan were studied. Semi-dwarf – B 16–20.

**Arm 18.** Bred at the Armenian Research Institute of Viticulture, Winemaking and Fruit Growing (Yerevan) by breeder L.A. Apoyan.

The uterine bush is undersized, bushy in shape. The height of the uterine bush is 40 cm. The rooting of the layers is excellent – 4–5 points, the diameter of the conditional root collar is 8 mm. Layers are characterized by a strongly developed fibrous root system with good regeneration after planting. The output of standard cuttings in the mother liquor of vegetatively propagated rootstocks is 250–350 thousand pieces/ ha, or an average of 300 thousand pieces/ha, which is significantly higher than the analogue of M9 and other clonal apple rootstocks. One of the best clonal apple rootstocks, perfectly propagated by woody cuttings in the open field.

Apple-tree varieties Aport, Golden Delicious, Jonathan, Zarya Alatau, Milton, Saltanat budded on Arm 18 give a high yield of standard 1-year-old seedlings, an average of 52 thousand pcs/ha for varieties or 99% of the total number of dug seedlings, of which 77% first commercial grade.

The trees in the garden are stunted and smaller in size than M9, early-bearing, they bear fruit 4–5 years after planting and subsequently are characterized by high yields. The average yield of various varieties is 180–260 q/ha. Trees are well fixed in the soil. The rootstock is more drought-resistant than M9.

The stock is recommended for use in Almaty, Zhambyl, and South Kazakhstan regions.

**B7-35.** Received at the Buinaksk Experimental Horticulture Station D.N. Krylov, R.G. Tsabolov (Dagestan, Buynaksk).

The uterine bush is medium tall, bushy-pyramidal in shape. In the mother liquor, the height of the bush is 62 cm. Rooting of cuttings takes an average of 8 years, 3–10 years after planting – 4.4 points. The uterine bushes are resistant to falling out. From the moment of planting and during 12 years of operation of the mother liquor, 97% of the bushes were preserved, in M9 – 86%. The output of standard cuttings is high – 237 thousand pieces/ha, which is 83% of the total number of shoots.

In the nursery, this stock has even, smooth trunks with elastic bark, which makes budding easier. The output of seedlings in the nursery is 47,000 pieces/ha of 1-year-olds.

Apple cultivars in the orchard are characterized by moderate growth or level with trees on M9.

Apple varieties begin to bear fruit 3–4 years after planting. The average yield of 14 18-year-old trees is 130 (Aport) and 230 q/ha (Zarya Alatau, Jonathan). Trees of grafted varieties on this stock, unlike M9, are very firmly fixed in the soil due to the presence of skeletal roots. A valuable feature of B7-35 is its high resistance to drought, which is of great importance for a dwarf rootstock under irrigated fruit growing.

For high economic and biological indicators, the dwarf apple rootstock B7-35 is recommended for use in Almaty, Zhambyl, and South Kazakhstan regions.

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

**62-396.** Selections of the Department of Fruit Growing of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University, selected from the hybrid fund of V.I. Budagovsky and others (Russia, Michurinsk).

The dwarf rootstock of the apple tree has an anthocyanin coloration of leaves, shoots, bark, wood, and roots inherited from the Nedzvetsky apple tree – a local species of Kazakhstan.

In the mother liquor of clonal rootstocks of apple tree 62–396, it is characterized by excellent rooting of shoots – 4.7 points and a high yield of standard cuttings – 260,000 pieces/ha, which is four times more than M9. Thanks to good rooting of the shoots and a powerful fibrous root system, they take root well and grow intensively in the nursery, which makes it possible to obtain a high yield of standard seedlings.

The height and size of trees on this rootstock are 14–28% lower than on M9, depending on the variety. They begin to bear fruit 4–5 years after planting. The average yield of various varieties is 150–220 q/ha. Under-howl is very droughtresistant and winter-hardy, having inherited valuable traits from Nedzwiecki's apple tree. The rootstock can be successfully used in the northern regions of Kazakhstan.

Since 1998, the stock has been included in the State Register of the Republic of Kazakhstan and approved for use in Almaty, Zhambyl, South Kazakhstan regions.

Employees of the nursery laboratory, as a result of crossing clonal rootstocks with the Nedzvetsky apple tree, received a series (seven forms) of new low-growing vegetatively propagated rootstocks called "Zhetysu." The rootstock Zhetysu 5 turned out to be promising for production.

**Zhetysu 5.** Selections of LLP "KazNII of fruit growing and viticulture."

The shoots of the rootstock Zhetysu 5 are characterized by very high rooting in the mother liquor – 4.4 points. The output of standard cuttings is very high – 321,000 pieces/ha. Thanks to a powerful root system, they take root well and grow intensively in the nursery, which makes it possible to obtain a high yield of standard seedlings.

The height of 14-year-old Golden Delicious apple trees under irrigated conditions in the foothill zone is 3.2 m, which is 20% higher than on M9, the crown width is 2.3 m, the projection area is 4.1 m<sup>2</sup> , and the volume is 6.0 m<sup>3</sup> .

The apple-tree variety Golden Delicious on the rootstock Zhetysu 5 begins to bear fruit 5 years after planting. The average yield of Golden Delicious trees is 171.5 q/ha. Rootstock is very drought-tolerant. It is a promising semi-dwarf apple rootstock for the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan.

Variety Aport gave the highest total yield on a dwarf rootstock B 7-35 (1758 q/ha). As seed rootstocks for the variety Aport, 22 varieties of apple trees were studied, of which, according to positive economic and biological indicators, seedlings of the varieties Pestrushka and Eko-numberat Extermayer stood out.

For pear varieties Forest Beauty and Talgar Beauty, low-growing seed rootstocks were selected. It has been established that among 23 pear seed rootstocks, the East Asian group of the Bretschneider species is characterized by an excellent root system in the nursery, a high yield of seedlings. Variety Forest beauty on rootstocks of Chinese origin Xiang li, Bai li, Xiao he bai li, Zi li, in comparison with the forest pear, differs in moderate growth, compact crown (height of 6 summer trees – 1.9–2.8 m, on forest pear – 3.1 m).

Out of 23 forms of pear clonal rootstocks, a high yield of standard offspring in the mother liquor was obtained from quince Arm 21, No. 1, K13, Sido.

A large collection of seed and clonal rootstocks for stone fruits has been studied. There are 36 types and forms in total. The collection of plum seed rootstocks includes cherry plums of the North Caucasus, plums of the Mountain Pa-mir (Balzhuanskaya, Darvazskaya), hybrids of cherry plum, and Aflatunia, felt cherry from the Far East. The most effective rootstock for plum varieties Victoria, Stanley, was felt cherry. The average yield for the fruiting years of the Stanley variety was 240 c/ha, of the Victoria variety 120 c/ha.

#### *Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

For cherry from the studied forms of cerapadus (VP-1, 28,888, 30,020, 31,409), the rootstock VP-1 was isolated. Cherry cultivars Lyubskaya and Komsomolskaya proved to be more productive on this rootstock than on Maga-lebka cherry.

New rootstocks, identified as a result of many years of work at the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, made it possible to reevaluate the potential of a number of ancient and local varieties of the south and south-east of Kazakhstan, such as Aport, Zarya Alatau, Salta-nat, and others. These varieties, having excellent taste and appearance, as a rule, did not differ in consistently high yields over the years. On new rootstocks, they gave a significantly greater economic effect and therefore should not be discounted when determining the assortment for laying commercial gardens and growing planting material. So, for example, the unique variety Aport on the dwarf rootstock B7-35 exceeded by 35–45%, in terms of productivity, trees on M 9. 9 times higher than on the widespread rootstock MM106.

In 2015, a mother plant was planted with clonal rootstocks of stone fruit crops bred by Eremina G.V. (11 forms). According to economic and biological characteristics in the mother liquor, the forms VSV-1, Druzhba, Evrika 99 can be attributed to the group of promising clonal rootstocks of stone fruit crops [14].

At present, the ampelographic collection is located in two different natural and climatic zones: in the south near the city of Shymkent and in the southeast, near the city of Almaty.

Over the years of the existence of the ampelographic collection, the grape gene pool has been drawn from 22 countries, almost from all regions of viticulture, and amounts to more than 500 varieties, of which 28 varieties are bred by the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture [15].

In the ampelographic collection, a group of oriental varieties, Taifi pink, Nimrang, Boyan shirey, Khindogny, Khu-saine, Karaburnu, etc., is widely represented. Moldova, Queen of Vineyards, and many others. Western European group – varieties Aligote, Pinot franc, Riesling, Cabernet franc, etc. American group – varieties Lydia, Isabella, Lyatis.

Also in the ampelographic collection, there are native varieties – Kuldzhinsky, Uigursky white.

Breeding is inextricably linked with variety study, since without knowledge of grape varieties and their characteristics, it is impossible to correctly select the source material for breeding new varieties. The collection has a hybrid nursery, which contains more than 3500 hybrid forms, from which a rigorous selection is carried out annually according to a set of positive indicators [16].

All vineyards in Kazakhstan are located in the zone of sheltered viticulture; therefore, it is important to select varieties that are characterized by increased winter hardiness suitable for growing grapes in a subclinical and even non-covering culture. On this basis, nine varieties were selected, as well as breeders of Kazakhstan created a group of varieties with increased winter hardiness (Samal, Almaly, Iliysky, Bereke), which allow the cultivation of grapes in a subclinical culture.

In Kazakhstan, in recent years, epiphytoties of mildew and oidium have become more and more frequent. As a result of the study and analysis, 12 varieties were selected from the collection, which most fully meet modern requirements (Moldova, December, Lyana, Rusmol, Citron Magaracha, etc.). All of these cultivars are used in crossbreeding as parental forms to create complex disease-resistant cultivars [17].

Kazakhstan is in the phylloxera free zone. Until now, all vineyards are root-owned, so at present, the import of foreign collection material is possible only through in vitro, and this is associated with additional difficulties. In this regard, selection is underway to create local varieties of ultra-early and early ripening, as well as varieties with high winter hardiness and disease resistance, high yields. New varieties and hybrid forms (Kara-Koz,

Almaty, Kyzyl Tan, Aigul, Kishmish Alma-Ata, Muscat Kazakhstani, etc.) in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan are far ahead of standard varieties in terms of maturation. Many of them have already been zoned and are undergoing state testing [18].

#### **Table grape varieties**

#### **Grape variety Alma-Ata early**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 1974

**Authors:** Ponamarchuk V.P., Bogdanova V.S.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Madeleine Angevin.

**General characteristics:** Very early table variety.

**Approbation signs:** Bisexual flower. The berries are medium, round, light green, golden yellow on the sunny side. The skin of the berries is thin, well-eaten, the flesh is juicy, fleshy. The taste of berries is pleasant with a nutmeg aroma. The bushes are medium tall, the ripening of the shoots is good.

**Productivity:** Productivity is 120–130c/ha, differs in good sa-horonaccumulation. **Resistance to diseases and climatic conditions:** Winter hardiness is relatively high. Disease resistance is good.

**Recommendations:** Zhambyl region (**Table 1**).

#### **Grape variety Alma-Ata**

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*


**Table 1.**

*Yield of standard apple cuttings depending on rootstocks (average over 8 years).*

#### **Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2004

**Authors:** Ponamarchuk V.P., Tekhneryadnova R.T.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** It was bred by the method of intraspecific hybridization from crossing varieties Druzhba X Rizamat and subsequent individual selection.

**General characteristics:** Table variety of medium-late ripening period. It is offered as a table variety for fresh consumption (**Table 2**).

**Approbation characteristics:** A cluster of large size, conical shape, mediumdense, stem length 3 cm. The average weight of the clusters is 410 g. The berry is large, oval shape. The color of the berries is black. The skin is rough. The consistency of the pulp is fleshy-juicy, the juice is not colored, the taste is pleasant, harmoniously sweet. Seeds – 2–3 pieces, seed size is medium, pear-shaped, light brown in color. The sugar content in berry juice is 17%. Acidity 6.2 g/l. Tasting score 4.8 points.

**Productivity:** Productivity from a bush is 6.8 kg, productivity from 1 hectare is 165.9 q/ha.

Resistance to diseases and climatic conditions: Covering culture. Winter hardiness is average. Disease resistance is average.

**Recommendations:** Zhambyl region.


**Table 2.**

*Influence of rootstocks on the output of standard annual apple seedlings in the nursery.*

#### **Grape variety Muscat Kazakhstani**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2011

**The authors:** Ponomarchuk V.P., Tekhneryadnova R.T., Karycheva L.A., Smurygin A.S.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Madeleine Ange. x Muscat of Alexandria. + Muscat Uzbekistan.

**General characteristics:** Table variety of medium ripening period.

**Approbation signs:** Bisexual flower. The berries are medium and large, white, oval, the flesh is fleshy, with a nutmeg flavor. Bushes of medium strength, shoots ripen satisfactorily.

**Productivity:** Productivity average (140–160c/hectare).

**Flour-grinding and baking qualities:** Clusters are medium and large (180–260 g), medium dense.

**Disease and weather resistance:** Disease resistance is moderate. **Recommendations:** Almaty region.

#### **Grape variety Bereke**

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

#### **Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2020

**Authors:** Ponomarchuk V.P., Tekhneryadnova R.T., Karycheva L.A., Beketaeva L. I., Kazybaeva S.Zh.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP **Origin:** Northern x Ili.

**General characteristics:** Variety of early-medium ripening, technical direction of use. **Approbation signs:** The berry is small, black, rounded. The bunch is medium,

dense. Resistant to oidium and frost. The bushes are very tall, the ripening of the shoots is good. Recommended for making intensely colored dry and dessert wines.

**Productivity:** Productivity is 90–104 c/hectare.

**Resistance to diseases and climatic conditions:** The variety is relatively resistant to mildew, oidium, and low temperatures.

**Recommendations:** Turkestan region.

**Apple tree**

**Apple variety Ainur**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2011

**Authors:** Vinovets A.D., Ostarkova L.V.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Created by the method of intraspecific hybridization of individual selection from crossing Aport x Golden Delicious.

**General characteristics:** Variety of autumn–winter ripening period. Winter hardy. Disease resistant.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized, the crown is round, sprawling, medium thickened. Fruits of medium size 170–200 g, round-conical, golden yellow, with a slight blush, sweet and sour taste, with a strong aroma, creamy flesh, juicy, dense, tender.

**Yield:** Average yield 20 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in Almaty, Zhambyl and Turkestan regions (**Table 3**).

**Apple variety Egemen**


**Table 3.** *Influence of rootstocks on height, crown habit, and productivity of apple trees.* *Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2019

**Authors:** Vinovets A.D., Ostarkova L.V., Nurtazina N.Yu.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Derived from seedlings of the variety Golden Delicious.

**General characteristics:** Variety of winter ripening. The grade differs in high winter hardiness, plentiful annual fructification. Ripens at the end of September, lies until April. It begins fruiting 3–4 years after planting in the garden.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized. The crown is dense, rounded, the branches are compact. The fruits are large, regular conical shape 180–200 g. With an integumentary okrus all over the fruit.

**Yield:** Average yield 20 t/ha.

**Disease and climatic resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Resistant to powdery mildew and scab.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Turkestan region.

#### **Apple variety Voskhod**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2011

**Authors:** Vinovets A.D., Ostarkova L.V.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Created by the method of intraspecific hybridization of individual selection from crossing Fantasia x Sinap Almaty.

**General characteristics:** Winter ripening, high winter hardiness. Resistant to powdery mildew and scab. It starts fruiting 2–3 years after planting in the garden. The yield is high.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized, the crown is round, compact. The fruits are large, up to 260 g, candilla-shaped, light yellow in color with a delicate blush. The taste is sweet and sour, with a pleasant aroma. The pulp is white, dense, tender, juicy, fine-grained.

**Productivity:** Average productivity 35 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. Stored until April.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in Almaty, Zhambyl and Turkestan regions.

#### **Pear variety Talgar beauty**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 1965 **Authors:** Katseiko A.N.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Created by the method of intraspecific hybridization, the seedling of the Forest Beauty from St. pollination.

**General characteristics:** Autumn ripening. Winter hardiness is high.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized. The crown is wide-pyramidal, of medium density. It enters fruiting in the 4th year after planting in the garden. Productivity is high. The fruits are large, elongated pear-shaped. The color is light yellow with a red carmine blush on the greater half of the fruit. The pulp is creamy, crispy, juicy.

**Yield:** Maximum yield 20.0 t/ha.

**Disease and climatic resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. Keep until January. Transportability is high.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in Almaty, Zhambyl, East Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, and Turkestan regions.

#### **Pear variety Fragrant**

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 1965 **Authors:** Katseiko A.N.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Created by the method of intraspecific hybridization, the seedling of the Forest Beauty from St. pollination.

**General characteristics:** Autumn ripening. It has high winter hardiness and good resistance to pests and diseases. It begins fruiting 5–6 years after planting in the garden. Yield is high.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized. The crown is dense, pyramidal. The shape of the fruit is broadly pear-shaped, slightly oblique at the stalk. The color is yellow-green, with a slight blush on the sunny side, the flesh is tender, juicy, sweet with a strong specific aroma. Variety of winter ripening.

**Yield:** Maximum yield 18.0 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. Stored until January. Transportability is high.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in Almaty, Kyzylorda regions.

#### **Plum variety Bailyk**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2020

**Authors:** Nurtazin M.T.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Created by intraspecific hybridization Renklod green from free pollination. **General characteristics:** Autumn ripening, high winter hardiness. Disease resistant.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized, the crown is compressed, reversemiddle shape. It starts fruiting 5–6 years after planting in the garden. The yield is high. Fruits are medium, oval, purple in color, pulp: orange, juicy, medium density, hormonally sour sweet taste.

#### **Yield:** Maximum yield 4.8 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased. **Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety:Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. **Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Almaty region.

#### **Plum variety Renklod Talgarsky**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2020 **Authors:** Nurtazin M.T.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** from free pollination of the Edinburgh plum variety

**General Characteristics:** Medium early maturing variety than standard Stanley late maturing variety. Winter hardiness and resistance to diseases and pests is good.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized, spherical with a spreading crown. It begins fruiting 4–5 years after planting in the garden. Mixed fruiting. Fruits are medium, round purple-brown. The pulp is yellow, juicy, cartilaginous, of good sweet and sour taste, it separates well from the stone. Variety of universal use.

**Yield:** Maximum yield 4.0 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased. **Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety:Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. **Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Almaty region.

#### **Cherry variety Aigerim**

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 1996 **Authors:** Nurtazin M.T.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP **Origin:** Yellow Drogana from free pollination

**General characteristics:** A variety of medium-late ripening, high winter hardiness. Disease resistant high.

**Approbation features:** The tree is not large, compact, the crown is compressed, drooping, of medium density. It starts fruiting at the age of 5, after planting in the garden. The yield is high. The fruits are large, attractive, yellow in color, with a bright blush. The taste is sweet and sour, with a pleasant aroma. The pulp is yellow, dense, juicy, pleasant sweet and sour taste.

**Yield:** Maximum yield 20.5 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased. **Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety:Winter-hardy, regular fruiting,

yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions. **Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Almaty region.

#### **Sweet cherry variety Lyazzat**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 1999

**Authors:** Nurtazin M.T.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** from free pollination of Drogana yellow

**General characteristics:** Late ripening, high winter hardiness. Disease resistant.

**Approbation signs:** The tree is medium-sized, the crown is round, spreading. It begins fruiting 5 years after planting in the garden. Yield is average. The fruits are large, dark red, obtuse-shaped. The taste is sweet and sour, with a pleasant aroma. The pulp is dark red, crackling, very dense, juicy.

**Yield:** Maximum yield 10.5 t/ha.

**Disease and climate resistance:** Drought-resistant variety. Moderately diseased. **Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological

conditions.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Zhambyl region.

#### **Tauly blackcurrant variety**

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2020 **Authors:** Kadirsizova Zh.K. Egorova G.I.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Bred by selection from seedlings of the variety Minai Shmyrev.

**General characteristics:** A variety of medium ripening. The variety has an advantage in winter hardiness and resistance to powdery mildew in relation to the standard variety "Minay Shmyrev." There is a patent No. 572 dated 10/20/2015.

**Approbation signs:** The bush is medium-sized, semi-spreading. Shoots are medium, straight. Leaves are 3-lobed, large, dark green. The leaf blade is naked, matte, smooth, convex. Fruit raceme of medium length (5-8 cm). The berries are large, black, rounded, the skin is medium with a dry margin. The average weight of berries is 1.8 g, the maximum is 2.0 g. The taste of berries is sweet–sour (4.5 b) with aroma. Versatile berries.

**Productivity:** Productivity is 65.0–67.0c/hectare.

**Resistance to diseases and climatic conditions:** Moderately affected by diseases.

**Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety: Winter-hardy, external presentation, fruit size, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Zhambyl region.

#### **Blackcurrant variety Gulzat**

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

**Year of inclusion of the variety in the State Register:** 2019.

**Authors:** Kadirsizova Zh.K., Egorova G.I.

**Originator:** Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture LLP

**Origin:** Derived from free pollination of the currant variety Leskovitsa.

General characteristics: A variety of medium ripening. A variety of medium ripening, winter-hardy, drought-resistant, resistant to powdery mildew.

**Approbation signs:** The bush is medium-sized, semi-spreading. Shoots are straight, light brown. The leaves are 3-lobed, large, dark green. The leaf blade is naked, matte, wrinkled, with blunt short teeth. The berries are large, black, round, with a dry separation (1.7 g). The taste of berries – 4.5 points, with aroma.

**Productivity:** Productivity on the average 67–70c/hectare.

**Resistance to diseases and climatic conditions:** Moderately affected by diseases. **Competitiveness:** The main advantages of the variety:Winter-hardy, regular fruiting, yield and stability of fruit formation in years with different meteorological conditions.

**Recommendations:** For cultivation in the Almaty region.

Under field conditions, variety samples are stored for 10 plants of each variety, which makes it possible to obtain a completely objective assessment based on the results of many years of study. The most valuable varieties and hybrids are preserved in vitro during cold storage [19].

### **4. Conclusion**

Currently, the gene pool of fruit tree rootstocks in Kazakhstan is 39 forms, species and types.

The collection from various fruit growing regions of the world allows replenishing the agrobiodiversity of fruit trees in Kazakhstan and makes it possible to use their genetic and biological potential in the production of fruit seedlings and create modern gardens.

In the field gene bank of Kazakhstan, 140 technical varieties are preserved, of which: 9 varieties with increased winter hardiness, 12 – resistant to fungal diseases; 230 table varieties, of which 18 varieties of super-early and early ripening, 50 varieties of raisin, 28 varieties of selection of the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture were selected.

*Apple Cultivation – Recent Advances*

### **Author details**

Yuliya M. Yefremova<sup>1</sup> \*, Marina V. Urazayeva<sup>2</sup> and Saule Sh. Kazybaeva<sup>3</sup>

1 Leading Researcher from Laboratory of Agrotechnology and Nursery of Fruit and Berry Crops, LLP "Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Grow Research Institute", Kazakhstan

2 Head of Laboratory of Agrotechnology and Nursery of Fruit and Berry Crops, LLP "Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Grow Research Institute", Kazakhstan

3 Board for Science, LLP "Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Grow Research Institute", Kazakhstan

\*Address all correspondence to: ydyo@inbox.ru

© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Rootstocks and Varieties of Fruits, Berry Crops, and Grapes, Used for Intensive Gardening… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108360*

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[2] Kaldybiev FT. State support for agricultural complex in rk. Materials of the Republican scientific-theoretical conference. Seifullin Readings - 11: Youth and Science. 2015;**1**(2): 146-149

[3] Isaev SI, Urazaeva MV. Comparative evaluation of apple tree seedlings grown on rootstocks of Russian selection in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan. International Scientific and Practical Conference (July 22-23, 2016). Almaty: Kainar. 2016, pp. 222-224

[4] Dzhangaliev AD. Wild Apple Tree of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata: Science; 1977. p. 281

[5] Egorov EA, Buntsevich LL. Technological foundations and organization of the production of seedlings and other planting material for horticultural crops. Horticulture and Viticulture. 2018;**2**:39-41

[6] Kulikov IM, Zavrazhnov AI, Upadyshev MT, Borisova AA, Tumaeva TA. Scientific and methodological foundations of industrial agrotechnology for the production of certified planting material for fruit and berry crops in the Russian Federation. Horticulture and Viticulture. 2018;**1**:30- 35. DOI: 10.25556/VSTISP.2018.1.10500

[7] Korolev EY, Krasova NG, Galasheva AM. Influence of separate methods of stimulating the branching of annual apple tree seedlings. Horticulture and

Viticulture. 2018;**3**:42-47. DOI: 10.25556/ VSTISP.2018.3.14173

[8] Kazybaeva SZ, Suyunbaeva GM. Agrobiological Assessment of Some Introduced Grape Varieties in the Conditions of the South-east of Kazakhstan. Status and Prospects of Horticulture in the Ural-Volga Region and Adjacent Territories. Russia: GNU Orenburg OSSV; 2013. pp. 126-130

[9] Beresneva LV, Kazybaeva SZh, Serdyukov YuG. Conservation and study of genetic resources of grapes in Kazakhstan. Proceedings of the International Conference "Mobilization and conservation of genetic resources of grapes, improvement of breeding process methods". Novocherkassk. 2008. S.33-S.36

[10] Rybakov AA, Ostroukhova SA, Gorbach VI. Viticulture: Proc. manual for students of page - x. in-comrade. 2nd ed. Tashkent: Ukituvchi; 1975. p. 136

[11] Lazarevsky MA. The Study of Grape Varieties. Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House of the Rostov University; 1963

[12] Guidelines for the establishment of experiments with fruit and berry crops and grapes in the Kazakh SSR. Proceedings of Kaz. NI-IPiV-Alma-Ata. Vol. 1, part 2. 1961

[13] Smirnov KV. Breeding large raisins and raisin grape varieties for the Uzbek SSR: Candidate's dissertation s.-x. Sciences/Fruit. in-t im. Michurinsk: I. V. Michurina; 1957. p. 166

[14] Kochanova I. Methods of studying clonal rootstocks in the Baltic republics and Belarus. Jelgava. 1980. p. 58

[15] Sedova EN, Ogoltsova TP, editors. Program and Methods of Variety Study of Fruit, Berry and Nut Crops. VNIISPK: Eagle; 1999, 608

[16] Research Methods and Variation Statistics in Scientific Fruit Growing (Intern. Scientific and Methodological Conf.). - Michurinsk: MGSKhA, Vol. 3. 1998. p. 94

[17] Devyatov AS. Increasing the fertility of trees and productivity of orchards. In: Devyatov SA. 2nd ed. Minsk: Urajay. 1985. p. 216

[18] Karychev KG. Methodical instructions. In: Accelerated Assessment and Forecasting of Economic and Biological Characteristics in Studies with Fruit Crops. Kazakhstan: Almaty; 2001. p. 29

[19] Isaev SI, Urazaeva MV. New clone rootstocks in Kazakhstan. Scientific Works. Scientific support in the aspect of import substitution. Krasnodar. 2016; **10**:S.91-S.95

### *Edited by Ayzin Küden*

*Apple Cultivation - Recent Advances* provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of pomology. It is organized into three sections: "Apple Germplasm, Molecular Characterization and *in vitro* Culture", "Hormonal Regulation, Phytopathogens and Phenolics", and "Cultivars, Rootstocks, Nursery and Production Techniques of Malus Species". The book presents the latest research efforts in pomology by international authors and will open new possible research paths for further novel developments.

Published in London, UK © 2023 IntechOpen © altocumulus / iStock

Apple Cultivation - Recent Advances

Apple Cultivation

Recent Advances

*Edited by Ayzin Küden*