*5.1.3 Horticultural mineral oil for vector control*

Petroleum-based horticultural mineral oils (HMO) are a vital constituent of integrated management programs for many pathogens and several phytophagous arthropods pathogens that affect the productivity of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals in the commercial cultivation field as well as greenhouse conditions [112]. Since the 1980s, HMOs have been employed to control mites and scales in China [113]. HMO controls citrus leaf miner, citrus rust mite, citrus red mite, red scale, chaff scale, spiny whitefly, and Asian citrus Psyllid in citrus [114, 115]. By lowering the number of HMOs used in treatment to 0.25 ± 0.5% and maximizing the number of sprays during each season, a significant level of pest control was achieved without the threat of phytotoxicity. The combined treatment with oils and *Isaria fumosorosea* showed that the survival rate of adult psyllids was lower than that of oils used alone [116]. Kumar et al. [117] postulated that the combined treatment of entomopathogenic *Isaria fumosorosea*

and HMOs dramatically reduced *D. citri* populations, where the maximum mean survival for *D. citri* was 12.5 ± 0.7 days. Similarly, Tansey et al. [118] revealed that mixes of insecticide and HMO application considerably decreased the populations of nymph and adult *D. citri* in Valencia orange groves in Florida. Conversely, Qureshi et al. [119] disclosed that HMO alone did not control *D. Citri* populations because the mean suppression of nymph and adults for more than 3 weeks was only 36 and 50%, respectively.
