**3. Trees for plantation in agroforestry**

In dryland or rainfed regions trees are planted on field bunds or boundaries as live fences or serving as wind break, to utilize the space. For this purpose, mostly those trees are planted with straight growth habit to avoid the interference and disturbance by their shading to the associated crop [23, 24]. The common tree species grown as boundary plantations in dry land systems are *Tectona grandis*, *Leucaena leucocephala* (pollarded for fodder), *Borassus flabellifer*, *Cocos nucifera*, *Acacia nilotica* var. cupressiformis, *Dalbergia sissoo* and *Prosopis juliflora* [23, 24]. In the last few years, systematic experiments are being conducted at several locations of India covering aspects on agroforestry, as a result of which several recommendations have emerged [25] for different agro-climatic regions of the country for rainfed conditions (**Table 2**).

In the era of climate change, accommodation of ginger as an intercrop in diverse agroforestry models can be a vital production system for environmental amelioration, realizing higher monetary returns and for sustaining the fertility of the soil. The various study inferred that ginger yield, soil physico-chemical and nutrient contents were higher [27] when grown in association with any plant spp. in agroforestry system (**Table 3**) as compared to sole cropping (**Table 4**). For effective, beneficial and


#### **Table 2.**

*List of some woody species integrated in Agroforestry system of dry land.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Cost of production, total income and net income of diverse agroforestry models in hectare per year.*
