**2.5** *Fissidens atroviridis* **Besch**

*F. atroviridis* was found on soil substrates. *F. atroviridis* can grow on moist and shady soil and rocks [5]. In addition, it can be found on weathered tree substrates [13]. Coexists with other mosses when found in the field. Small in stature [5] and looks like a comb from above [3]. Individual length when measured reaches 7 mm. The individual length of *F. atroviridis* can reach 10–15 mm [14]. The structure when dry will bend [5]. Rhizoid when observed like a thread firmly attached to the substrate. The rhizoid structure in the Fissidens genus is smooth or has palillae [11]. The stem when observed is almost invisible because it is covered by leaves. The leaves that have been observed are dark green. *F. atroviridis* is dark green in addition, there is also a pale yellowish to transparent dull green color (**Figure 5**) [5].

The leaves when measured were 1.9 mm long. The leaf length can reach 2.5 mm [5]. The arrangement of the leaves is pinnate and very tight so it looks piled up [9]. Thick leaf margins [14]. The shape of the lancet, flat edge, and pointed tip are in accordance with the characteristics of the research found [9]. The shape of the leaf cells when observed was hexagonal and the length of the leaf cells was 1.1 m. The hexagonal leaf cells are irregular, very thin-walled, and the cells are large [14]. In *F. atroviridis*

### **Figure 5.** Fissidens atroviridis: *A. Soil substrate, B. Colonies, C. Individual mosses, D. Leaf anatomy, E. Spores.*

*Bryophyta around Syamsudin Noor International Airport, South Kalimantan, Indonesia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109265*

gametophyte and sporophyte phases were found. The sporophyte phase in this moss consists of seta which is brownish green when observed and the measured length reaches 3.2 mm and that the length of the seta can reach 4 mm [5]. The capsule when observed was green and the length of the capsule when measured was 0.4 mm. The capsules are symmetrical [14]. Caliptra was measured to reach 0.5 mm and was brown in color, the shape of the spores when observed was round, and the diameter of the spores when measured was 0.8 m. The environmental parameters of *F. atroviridis* consisted of air temperature of 32.2°C, humidity 84%, light intensity 22 lux and pH 6.5. The results from both locations were still in a good moss growth range. Distribution of *F. atroviridis* is found throughout Indo-Malaya from India to New Guinea [5].

## **2.6** *Calymperes tenerum* **Müll. Hall**

*C. tenerum* was found on the base of the tree substrate. In addition to tree substrates, *C. tenerum* can be found in rock, soil, and rotting wood [15]. Coexists with other mosses when found in the field. Individual length when measured reaches 4.6 mm. The length of *C. tenerum* rarely grows more than 7 mm and is very small [5]. Rhizoid when observed like a thread firmly attached to the substrate. The stem when observed is almost invisible because it is covered with leaves. The stem grows upright and acrocarp [15], and has a length of up to 1 cm [14]. The leaves when measured have a length of 1.4 mm, green color, lanceolate shape, flat edge, and the tip has a capsule and immediately grows together with the seta. The length of the leaves is between 1.5–2 mm, dull green in color, does not or almost does not widen below the base of the branch, the leaves are almost uniform, and the leaf edges are intact [5]. The shape of the leaf cells when observed was round and the length of the leaf cells reached 1 m. *C. tenerum* leaf cells have 1 layer, the shape is not always rounded and has thin walls in the upper branches [14]. *C. tenerum* found gametophyte and sporophyte phases. The sporophyte phase observed consisted of seta with a length of up to 1.9 mm and green in color. The capsules when observed were cylindrical and brown in color according to [14] which stated that the capsules were cylindrical. The capsules look like thorny spheres, this is in accordance with research [15] which mentions capsules like thorns that characterize this moss. The capsule when observed measuring 0.1 mm. The spores are spherical in shape and 0.9 m in diameter. The environmental parameters of *C. tenerum* consisted of air temperature of air temperature 34.1°C, humidity 79%, light intensity 20 lux, and pH 7. The results of environmental parameters from both locations were still in a good growth range for mosses. The distribution of *C. tenerum* is found around the coast of tropical Asia, India, the Pacific islands to Hawaii, the lowlands of Malesia, especially near the sea (**Figure 6**) [14].

### **2.7** *Hyophila involuta* **Jaeger**

*H. involuta* is found on rock substrates and grows in groups. Other substrates can be found in soil, logs, and walls. Small upright stature with a height of 1 mm, but can grow up to 1.5 cm [5]. At the time found living side by side with other mosses. Living in an open environment [4]. The rhizoids when found are thread-like and firmly attached to the substrate. Rhizoid is thin [11] and looks wrinkled [5]. The stems when observed are covered by leaves so that they are not visible. In the genus Hyophila, the upper stem is green and the lower part is red to reddish brown or dark green, reaching 1 cm high and sometimes branching [4]. The leaves when observed are green. This is in accordance with [16] that the leaves are green but can be colored to dark yellowish green. Leaves spread when moist and curl when dry [5]. The genus Hyophila has alternate leaf

### **Figure 6.**

Calymperes tenerum: *A. Tree substrate, B. Colonies, C. Individual mosses, D. Leaf anatomy, E. Spores.*

sitting [4]. Observations in the laboratory leaf length reached 0.6 mm, lanceolate shape, flat edge, and pointed tip. This is in accordance with [4] that the genus Hyophila has flat leaf edges, grows upright from the base to the tip of the leaf, and according to [16] pointed leaf tips. The mother leaf bone is strong, brownish or reddish, protruding, and grows to the tip of the leaf [14]. The shape of leaf cells when observed is square according to [5] that the upper lamina cells are rectangular, the cell walls are solid, and the cell width reaches 7–9 m. Leaf cell length when measured reached 1.1 m. At the base of the leaf is colorless, small, and the cells are rectangular and thin-walled (**Figure 7**) [5].

*H. involuta* did not find a sporophyte phase, while according to library sources the size of the seta reached 7 mm to 1.5 cm [11], red to brown at the base, pale at the top, cylindrical capsule shape [5]. Environmental parameters of *H. involuta* from air temperature have a value of 28.1°C, humidity 84%, light intensity 35 lux, and pH 7 which is still in good growth for mosses. Distribution is found in tropical Asia as generally found throughout the Malesia region and the genus Hyophila is the only genus scattered in this region and spread in sub-tropics such as Polynesia, northern Australia [5]. Distributions elsewhere include Africa, Asia (China, India, Himalayas, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand), Europe, Oceania, North and South America [14].

### **2.8 Environmental parameters**

Environmental conditions had a significant influence on mosses. The differences of each species of mosses to environmental factors will affect the level of adaptation, species composition, and distribution of mosses [14]. Mosses that live in the tropics can live at temperatures above 25°C [14] with air humidity above 50% [17]. While good light intensity for moss growth can reach 1000 lux [4] and for good soil pH for moss growth it ranges from 4.9 to 8.3 [18]. Based on this, the environment around the Syamsudin Noor airport area is still in the range of environmental conditions that support the growth of moss considering that the place is an open and urban area where there are many activities that cause changes in environmental conditions, one

*Bryophyta around Syamsudin Noor International Airport, South Kalimantan, Indonesia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109265*

**Figure 7.** Hyophila involuta: *A. Stone substrate, B. Colonies, C. Individual mosses, D. Leaf anatomy.*

of which is pollution. While in open areas direct sunlight penetrates into the ground, this affects the humidity of the area. In addition, the open area has homogeneous vegetation and only has a few trees as windbreaks. It is different when in forest areas which have heterogeneous vegetation with a wide and closed canopy so as to minimize sunlight entering the lower part of the forest [19]. Environmental changes can occur at any time, so this initial data is very important to know environmental changes in the future, given that mosses can be used as an indicator of environmental change.
