**12. Corruption in education**

Nothing can ruin a country more than its poor and corrupt education system. Corruption in education is defined by Hallak and Poisson [10] as 'the systematic (ab) use of public office for private benefit, in disregard to the significant loss of quality of educational services and goods, equality and access to education'. In Africa's universities, the massification, commoditisation and marketisation of education have led to many chances of corruption [11]. Some of the corrupt activities within the higher

education sector include fake universities, fake circulating information by sending spam, deceptive advertising, sale of theses over the internet, ranking high on hit list of search engines, little content to support levels of offering, hyper-production of certificates through surprisingly short courses, knowingly producing 'intellectual cripples' [12].

Other forms of corruption include 'thigh for marks' and 'marks for a thigh'. In 'thigh for marks', it is generally the student making the offer in contrast to the 'marks for a thigh' in which it is the teacher making the demand/offer. Still, we have corrupt cases of 'thigh for a text-book' or other resources in short supply. Students having examinations and assignments written for them by others are further examples of corruption all of which decimate the quality of education and the future national human resource capability.
