**2.1 Organizational culture theory and corruption**

Edgar Schein's [10] framework for analyzing organizational culture is the most popular of its kind. He takes a functionalist stance, defining culture as a set of shared beliefs and practices that a society creates as it finds solutions to the challenges of integrating its members and adapting to their environment. Because of its success, it is now being taught to new members as the only valid way of looking at, and reacting to, these issues [11]. In this theory, if the culture of bribery exists in any organization, the corruption cannot be stopped. In addition, public officials are motivated to engage in corrupt behavior due to flaws in the "proper machinery" of government rather than in their own character. Schein [10, 12] proposes a model of culture with three tiers:


Nevertheless, the lack of the proper norms and values among the officials in any institution, they can act corruptly. This theory is relevant to this study in the context of Bangladesh, because corruption prevail in the institutions due to the culture of the particular institutions.

#### **2.2 Good governance theory and corruption**

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defined good governance as "to governing systems which are capable, responsive, inclusive, and transparent. All countries, developed and developing, need to work continuously toward better governance" [13]. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) is a source of concern for R. M. Gisselquist [13], who argues that governance—defined as the act of making decisions and the means by which they are implemented or, alternatively, not implemented—raises legitimate questions [14]. Good governance theory focused on transparency, accountability, and reducing corruption in the context of Bangladesh. If the accountability and transparency is ensured, the corruption can be reduced in any institutions.

In 1946, the UN General Assembly determined: "freedom of information is a fundamental human right and the touchstone for all freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated." According to UN, good governance has eight significant characteristics. It has to be (1) consensus-oriented, (2) participatory, (3) follow the Rule of Law, (4) be effective and efficient, (5) accountable, (6) transparent, (7) responsive, and (8) equitable and inclusive. All the components are important to describe good governance. For a sustainable development in any country, good governance is a

must and for good governance all of the prerequisites are needed. This theory is completely related to this study because if the good governance fails, the every institution and the state also can be corrupted.
