Contents



Preface

Corruption has always been present throughout history. For example, it existed in the judiciary systems of the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (3100–2700 BC), Ancient China, and Ancient Greece (1400 BC). Many have defined corruption, and its definition is always related to those who are in power, that is explained by the fact that power and the abuse of it gives access to being corrupted and practicing corrupt acts. According to James Chen, corruption is "dishonest behavior by those in positions of

There are various types of corruption, including bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Other forms include double-dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating

No government is immune to corruption, but some are more likely to be corrupted than others. According to the World Bank studies, "the causes of corruption are always contextual, rooted in a country's policies, bureaucratic traditions, political development, and social history." The World Bank studies show that the more a government

This indeed has consequences. According to a study published on Econstor.com by Dominik Enste and Christina Heldman on the causes and consequences of corruption, its major effects negatively impact general investments, foreign direct investments, and capital inflows, as well as foreign trade and aid and official growth. It also increases inequality, impacts government expenditure and services, shadow economy and crime.

Based on statistics from the World Population Review, the top five least corrupt countries in 2022 were New Zealand, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Singapore. Alternatively, the top five most corrupt countries were Somalia, Syria, South Sudan, Venezuela, and Yemen. Corruption usually flourishes in countries where there is

In a country with weak governance systems, weak institutions, and centralization which makes auditing very difficult and sometimes impossible, lack of transparency. Non existence of accountability especially for those in power and namely politicians where the auditing doesn't apply to them. The abuse of this power is constantly witnessed and unfortunately even normalized. It is usually the case in countries where the poor get poorer and the rich get richer, and the people in power get richer at the expense of the poor. From diverting funds to manipulating elections and accepting bribes, people become used to the chaos and under-the-table deals. It is also important to mention the incompetence of some of the people in power, mismanagement, and the wasting of public funds. Of course, corruption has huge negative effects on a country economically and politically, especially when there is no political will for

elections, diverting funds, laundering money, and defrauding investors.

institution is weak, the more susceptible it is to corruption.

political instability and systems of dictatorship.

transparency and accountability.

power, such as managers or government officials".
