**5. Concluding remarks and policy consideration**

This article investigated and analyzed the causes of corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa through the lenses of three major sources such as historical roots, contemporary causes and institutional causes. The crux of the article is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies in combatting corruption in the subregion by including institutional variables. This method allows nations in the subregion to be evaluated using the same institutional features while concentrating on a slew of subjective and objective variables. By offering contextual information, our study adds to existing cross-country studies on the causes of corruption. This article contributes to the body of knowledge, through the literature and highlighting risk factors in public procurement and also by addressing these flaws in the context of the development of risk mitigation strategies, which can be operationalized in any country's public procurement systems.

The procurement of goods and services is the backbone of each country to provide service to its citizens. Exploring the guidelines and procurement pacts provided by various international organizations can be used as the basis to build a strong legal framework in each country. In this regard, the development and implementation of these guidelines can enhance the legislative framework of countries and strengthen compliance with procurement processes. Operationalization of procurement processes will therefore become less prone to corrupt practices. It can be argued that the effectiveness of the adherence to the procurement legislative framework is also based on the political will and transparency to eradicate procurement corruption.
