**4.1 Photovoltaic devices**

Nanodiamonds compounds have received notable observation in DSSCs (dyesensitive solar cells). A spectral sensitivity of diamond areas with natural dyes containing-photocurrent of ca. 120 nA/cm<sup>2</sup> under visible light is being reported [19]. The link between the diamond (electron donor) and receiver levels was created using oligothiophene and Suzuki (complete). In addition, photocurrent hire of around 4–6 mA/cm2 was measured in boron-doped NDs using the same arrangement. Polymer dye-functionalized polycrystalline B-doped Nanodiamonds provide a high density of the current image when used as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells in a liquid electrolyte solution [20]. The photovoltaic devices which are based on B-doped diamonds shows good current density and open circuit voltage thereby indicating that Nanodiamonds might be used as solar photo-electrodes. Utilizing NDs as optical scatterers in DSSCs enhanced performance significantly at a greater current density. Furthermore, power conversion efficiency has also increased while comparing with pure TiO2 photo-electrodes [21]. As a result, diamond-based composite materials could be utilized in flat panel displays and solar utensils (**Figure 3**).

### **4.2 Thin film electronics**

Because of their unusual physical and mechanical features, ND-reinforced polymers have recently received a lot of attention. A translucent and bendable fluorinated polymer nanohybrid film with high heat resistance and improved mechanical properties was created using a dissipated ND organo-modified Nanodiamond refill. The existence of tiny lamellae in a fluorinated polymers resulted in the formation of a dense amorphous phase with high brightness. The outer layer of NDs must be covered to ensure structural stability. Electrostatic interactions involving Nanodiamonds and the membrane, regardless of the substrate's structure and shape, are critical for ND replication and similarity. Detonation ND seeds are a good alternative to silicon or glass substrates for CVD diamond films [22]. The effects of bulk ND particles on polymer nano- and micro-fibers had studied [23]. Comparing with polyamide 11, the electrospun nanofibers with elevated Nanodiamonds on these substances (polymer) was assembled into tiny layers results in high mechanical properties. Furthermore, lens in Nanodiamond films are a key matter that cause unacceptable degeneration of Nanodiamond film structures like thermal conductivity, bright light, Young's modulus,

and piezoresistivity [24]. Carbon/carbide interlayer formation, substrate scratch, improved nucleation bias, and electrostatic seeds carrying ND colloid have all been developed for the manufacture of ND films without pinhole ultra-thin ND. Among all of these strategies, the implantation method has demonstrated considerable benefits regarding delivering homogeneous high density and nucleation sites via optimized electrostatic interactions between ND particles and substrate. In a wide range of situations, these reflective coatings even provide UV protection and scratch resistance, particularly in systems which need a unique mix of dielectric, thermal, and mechanical qualities. Based on layer and layer production procedures, detonation Nanodiamond dispersions and ployvinylalcohol were utilized as 3D printing novels for materials of various shapes. In the consumer electronics business, this three dimensional printing of ND-based polymer compounds leaves the panel open to the creation of tiny solids with complicated forms [25]. Due to the high N-incorporated UNCD feature, ND films additionally include field output elements (i.e., 10 V/mm open field) in addition to these uses. The goal of the research was to pinpoint the precise position (e.g., grain characteristics) of field retrieval in the same nanodiamond environment. The prerequisite for a high temperature of substrate growth (>800°C) in order to support the n-doping type process is a fundamental restriction of these ND films [26].
