**3.4 Laser ablation (LA)**

With the invention of the ruby laser, the era of laser ablation commenced. In 1987, employing rising pulsing laser beams of water interfaces, to mix nanoparticles (iron oxide) LA was utilized. PLAL (Pulsed laser ablation in liquids) is quickly becoming one of the most popular ways to test pure liquids. Carbon powder is used to physically generate nanodiamonds in areas of contact with solids, liquids, or solids. The PLAL approach merges the advantages of pulse laser deposition with soft chemical lines to generate nanoparticles in the nature of stable colloidal suspensions. This approach entails the laser treatment of an object immersed in a liquid (either one solitary piece of material or crushed powder) (e.g., ether, ethanol, acetone and its compounds). It can combine plasma expansion and contraction with the delivery of specific conditions (such as pressure and temperature) via atomic fluids and liquids. The strength of the laser generated on the target surface is usually greater than 108 W/cm<sup>2</sup> , resulting in the target object being released and evaporation. In comparison to carbon wafers or crystal graphite wafers, microcrystalline graphite is often favored as a target. Plasma plume sealing happens after laser plume collision and consequent coagulation cooling to facilitate the production of crystalline nanodiamond. Shock wave and extinguishing operations can be employed to provide suitable conditions for nanodiamond production. The features of effect NDs can be altered by a number of factors, including (a) laser uncontrollable compulsion, laser intensity, and excitation wavelength; (b) solvent; and (c) system temperature and pressure [15]. PLAL is a method that has the potential to be cost-effective. The capillary influence of the curvature of a nanoscale crystalline nucleus on the nucleation and development of nanocrystals is explained using a kinetic way of theory [16].
