**4.5 Drug delivery**

Biocompatibility, the capacity to hold a wide scope of treatments, water dissipation, and reliability are all requirements for a drug delivery platform. It is also vital to consider the possibility of tailored therapy, which might be used in conjunction with images. A combination of Nanodiamond with Duxorubin (drug used in cancer

### *Nanodiamonds and Its Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108326*

treatment) were now used for the treatment in lung cancer, breast cancer, and also it reduced the circulation half time of Nanodiamond Duxorubin complexes [34].

Nanodiamonds are covered with polyethylenimine 800 (PEI800), which has been researched for delivering nucleic acids in addition to delivering tiny molecules. These studies indicated a 70-fold improvement in GFP plasmid transfection efficiency while keeping PEI800's minimal maintenance hazardous properties [35]. In body circumstances, the administration of ND-PEI800 of siRNA suppressing GFP expression was more efficient than lipofectamine (a widely utilized delivery platform). Other loads have been delivered, including combinations of medicines, proteins, tiny molecules in acidic conditions (common in tumors), and cancer-specific siRNA. Although nanodiamonds have mostly been studied as prospective injectable therapeutic agents for broad drug administration, sheets of parylene–nanodiamond composites have been shown to be effective for localized release of drug for durations ranging from 2 days to 1 month.

#### **4.6 Other applications**

NDs can provide a suitable foundation for improving the utilization of drug carriers to cure skin cancer because of their great biocompatibility. The inclusion of NDs to beauty products can also allow active compounds to perform to their full capacity due to their high adsorption rate. NDs are able to transport more active chemicals and dive deeper into the skin layers than standard formulations. The higher moisture content capacity of NDs keeps the skin moisturized for longer, in addition to being fully and quickly absorbed by the skin. NDs may also help with healing process and can be used to dress wounds. Because NDs have an elevated surface chemistry that can be modified to aid carry genes and impact cell entrance, ND-based gene delivery systems for healing process seem appealing. Gene transfer is being researched in wound healing to overcome the limited availability of growth factors to the injury site. As an example, Bovine collagen is a biocompatible matrix that acts as a cofactor for tissue repair and serves as a supportive gene therapy vector [36].

A fast-emerging area of research is nanodiamond nanocomposite/polymer with improved thermal and mechanical properties. The nanocomposites that are quickly developing with distributed nanodiamonds were created utilizing a variety of processes, and they are promising for future applications (aeronautical, automotive, membranes, coatings, lubricants). Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), quantum coherent devices, quantum computing have used nitrogen doped detonation ND nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman scattering spectroscopy cyclic voltammetry measurements and electrochemical response were used to investigate nanocrystalline diamond nanocomposite. These materials also contain boron doped nanodiamond. Because of its biocompatibility and bioresorbability, nanocomposite has been used to transport medicines and physiologically active compounds. The ability to transport a wide range of treatments is part of the drug delivery podium. In the desired medium, dispersibility and scalability are important. These materials have the potential to be used in bioimaging [37].

The medical applications of a Nanodiamond include imaging (MRI image, fluorescent Nanodiamonds,), tissue engineering (dental applications, bone tissue engineering, skin tissue engineering), drug delivery (cytotoxic drugs, anti-tubercular drugs, anti-diabetic drugs), binding biomolecules (siRNA, β-galacsidase, lysozyme proteins, poly-phenolic compounds). Modified Nanodiamonds can be used as a nucleic acid complexion platform and as a gene delivery vectors. Despite its unique properties, the


#### **Table 1.**

*Other applications of Nanodiamonds.*

idea of improving its compatibility with various solvents and polymers has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, it has been difficult to distribute NDs in a mixture for successful application in the biomedical field until now, thus future research should look into particle complexes for this reason [38].

Some fluorescent molecules have been observed to bind to the NDs for transport, including proteins, antibodies, growth hormones, siRNA and DNA molecules. These are applied in many areas like cancer treatment, targeted drug transportation, protein separation and purification by appropriately modifying NDs. This lays a solid platform for the future development of NDs and their potential clinical application. NDs' biocompatibility and toxicity should be tested on a variety of cell types. More study is needed to understand the potential ramifications on the design of biocompatible Nanodiamonds in order to fulfill the demands of safe nanomedical applications [39].

NDs could be used in a variety of medical and biological applications, including biosensor components, targeted drug delivery, biocompatible composited and implants, and strong solid supports for synthesis of peptides. However, three main applications of NDs have been reported: protein immobilization, fluorescent markers for cell imaging, and medication administration (**Table 1**) [2].
