**1. Introduction of astrocytes**

In the nervous system, astrocytes are isotypes of neuroglia, also identified as astrocytic cells. They are Star-shaped; their countless progressions enclose synopses prepared by nerve cells. A particular astrocytic cell can simultaneously act together with the human being by two billion synapses. These specialized glial cells are more numerous than neurons by above fivefold. They closely tile the central nervous system (CNS) and apply for multiple important diverse roles in the energetic CNS. Astrocytes react to all methods of CNS offences through a procedure stated as reactive astrogliosis, which has developed a pathological mark of CNS fundamental abrasions. Two main subtypes of astrocytes are classified based on their structural and anatomical position. Those names are protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes. Protoplasmic astrocytes seem to spread equally in the interior of cortical grey matter, while the fibrous astrocytes are structured with white matter regions [1]. Astrocytes of the brain and spinal cord are very different in morphology and function. Brain cells (astrocytes) are accountable for the homeostasis of ions and neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, native metabolic sustenance, and relief of sensitive oxygen species. Pathology of many nervous disorders containing neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative syndromes is well-defined by loss of homeostatic role. Astrocytes play a significant role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Brain cells or astrocytes are extremely diverse cells that regulate the network, emergence and function, and homeostasis. Since it's involved in protective astrogliosis, it's become an essential component of neuropathology. Most neuropathology astroglial cells are impacted by degenerative alterations that inhibit their functional and neuroprotective capacities, allowing the pathology to proceed [2]. Astrocytes play an important role in data handling, and communicative mechanism proficiencies of brain circuits are unknown. Around all research studying the correlation among astrocyte cells' structure and function concentrates on its influences on nervous system activity and flexibility under functional and syndrome conditions. At synapses, a collective subject important to these outcomes is that astrocytes analyse, respond to, and control glutamate release and post-synaptic activity.

Removal and postponement of PAPs in reaction to glutamate improve post-synaptic responses, inhibit trans-synaptic activation, and prevent additional glutamate proclamation. Still, astrocyte operational flexibility exchange is not recognized upon declaration of other GABA, dopamine, somatostatin, serotonin, acetylcholine, etc. (neurotransmitters) [3]. The appearance of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) has become a typical indicator for immunohistochemically astrocytic cells [4]. Research on transgenic mice showed that the appearance of GFAP isn't necessary for the usual form and role of the furthermost astrocytic cell in the energetic, nervous system of transgenic mice. Still, it's essential to develop reactive astrogliosis and glial scar development. Over and above, concerning the procedure of GFAP as an astrocyte indication, it's compulsory to pay attention that GFAP expression isn't limited to protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes. In the interior of the nervous system, GFAP is too expressed by numerous cells that can be reflected as part of prolonged astroglial cells. On the outer side of the nervous system, GFAP is articulated extensively in countless nerves via a range of cell forms **Figures 1**–**4** [5].
