**7. Emotional and mood disorders**

Some emotion-based symptoms may appear in various conditions, such as schizophrenia (e.g., anhedonia), borderline personality disorder (e.g., emotional instability), addiction (e.g., euphoria and dysphoria), and so on. These conditions can be related to several features of emotions, such as intensity, frequency, adaptivity, physiology, expression, and experience [81]. However, some scholars disagree with placing these disorders in the same category. Indeed there is the risk of generalizing qualitatively diverse states (e.g., emotions, moods, and affect) [7].

Several scholars use the term "*emotional disturbance*" to refer to psychopathologies that include emotion-related symptoms, such as regulation problems, phobias, specific deficits (e.g., lack of empathy), and so on [81]. It is challenging to briefly delineate the etiology of these emotion-related psychopathologies. In brief, there are hereditary, epigenetic, developmental, environmental, and behavioral determinants. From a neurophysiological point of view, emotion disturbances usually result from cerebral peculiar functioning. Indeed, the bases of such conditions often include inefficient reuptake [82], irregularities in synaptic proteins, and neuronal density [83]. Even social activities (e.g., play) can influence the development of these brain mechanisms and shape cerebral maturation [84]. These factors can influence the functioning of a vast neural network that includes the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, striatum, thalamus, and brainstem [83].
