**4.2 Models related to glutamate signaling**

Glutamate uptake is one of the major functions of astrocytes [140]. GLT-1 actions are heightened in the PFC of SCZ [141]. To model this scenario, the antibiotic ceftriaxone that specifically augments GLT-1 production and activity was administered to rodents. In this model, evaluation of the inhibition of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, which is a biomarker of SCZ was conducted. Ceftriaxonetriggered GLT-1 up-regulation was linked to attenuated PPI that was reversed via dihydrokainate (DHK), a GLT-1 blocker [142]. Intriguingly, ceftriaxone's PPI suppressive influences were further augmented by administering only one dosage of phencyclidine (PCP) [143]. However, the NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, exhibited conflicting results regarding ameliorating sensorimotor, cognitive, and memory performance in environmental enrichment (EE) models [144–146].

Other models relate to D-serine, purine, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins [137].
