**4. Pathology of astroglia in neurological diseases**

Reactive astrogliosis and glial scar realization are noticeable structures of CNS trauma and are progressively involved by playing significant parts in the decisive prolonged medical result. Glial formation of scar and severe reactive astrogliosis at the location of the neurons trauma are glowing familiar to inhibit axonal regeneration and are extensively observed as harmful to medical results. Contagions of the CNS

triggered by microbes, parasites, fungi, and viruses are categorized into inflammation of meninges, active tissues of the brain, or (pus-filled pocket of infected material in your brain) cerebral abscess. Not all germs can attack the nervous system. Somewhat, merely confirmed neurotropic parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses can enter obsessed by the cerebral and vertebral column. Utmost of the microbe are efficiently stopped by the cerebral obstacles [13].

The SAE (Sepsis-associated encephalopathy) explicitly uses a scientific disorder linked through the common cerebral disorders that progresses in sepsis to the lack of core contagion of the neural tissue. In the cerebral parenchyma, sepsis is frequently linked with the production of inflammations and tiny inflammation directly related to the SAE. Particularly in the initial phases, the disease associated with structural infection remains frequently linked through 'sickness behaviour' [14].

Dense metals are a source of extreme cephalic disorder with intellectual deficiencies, mainly targeting neuroglia. Heavy metals that are manganese, lead, aluminium or mercury primarily gather into an astrocytic cell by diverse plasma lemma transporters. Overall, it's also a down-regulating astroglial expression of glutamate transporters, reducing glutamate permission and activating excitotoxicity [15]. Aluminium toxic encephalopathy is demonstrated via mental losses, communication variations, seizures, and flapping wrist shake (asterixis) [16]. It disturbs the cerebrum due to liver encephalopathy, which is described by mental and developmental damage signs including misperception, amnesia, bad temper, and alterations in perception, such as fatigue and sleepiness. Cerebral swelling, unconsciousness, and death also occur in the severity of Hyperammonemia. In stroke, a blood vessel ruptures that restricts blood supply to the brain or parts of the brain due to a systemic decrease of vascular occlusion in blood supply, all-cause disruptions in blood flow. This is known as brain ischemia. As a result, cerebral ischemia could be either focal or global, the latter of which can lead to a stroke. In stroke, astrocytes serve as both neurotoxic and neuroprotective agents, complicating and diverse astrgliopathology [17]. In cases of Congenital Glutamine Deficiency with Glutamine, Synthetase Mutations newborns expire in a while after delivery. The prominent pathophysiological contrivance is related to the weakened capacity of astrocytes to yield glutamine, which disturbs excitatory and inhibitory conduction; furthermore, lacking glutamine synthetase cannot accurately decontaminate ammonium. Pyruvate carboxylase is principally articulated in neuroglia. Pyruvate carboxylase deficit is an autosomal recessive disease linked to a diminished metabolic rate. The warning sign comprises delay of cerebral growth, persistent seizures, and increased plasma acidity.

Aceruloplasminemia is a congenital condition of iron metabolism due to the deficiency of ceruloplasmin action. Most important abrasions describe this disorder as neuroglia, which disturbs their structure and consequences in the presence of frothy spheroid forms at the vascular end feet. Aceruloplasminemia is also linked with brain demise and the exterior of iron deposition [18].

Alexander disease is an exceptional, long-lasting, and ordinarily neurodegenerative severe condition. Its consequences on or after a dominant gain-of-function mutation of the gene encoding GFAP. It is sub-categorized into Type I and types II [19]. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a few medically introverted conditions connected to cerebral inadequacies. Astrocytes are accountable for neuroprotection and detoxifying harmful bodies like receptive oxygen species. The principle procedure of ASDs is undoubtedly associated with brain network mutation and abnormal neurotransmission during the undeveloped turn of events [20]. In Down

*Impact of Hypoxia on Astrocyte Induced Pathogenesis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106263*

syndrome, the thickness of astrocytes is fundamentally diminished in the cortex with diminished capacity to uphold synaptogenesis and neuronal development appropriately. Astroglial asthenia, loss of homeostatic capacities, atrophy, and perhaps pathogenic remodelling are all related to schizophrenia, although reactive alterations are not. Epilepsy, mood disorders, and addictive disorders are linked with astrogliopathology [12].
