**6. Conclusions**

Research on CD is changing rapidly due to a steady increase in knowledge that addresses its pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options.

Diagnosis of CD is based on several criteria, including positive serology, a spectrum of duodenal damage, clinical symptoms and/or risk conditions, and response to a GFD in susceptible individuals. In the absence of some of these criteria, the diagnosis of CD becomes challenging. In this regard, studies based on gluten reintroduction combined with IL-2 measurements could provide a new clinical alternative to diagnose and monitor patients who already have a GFD.

Several patients have difficulty controlling their diet they regularly consume sufficient gluten to trigger symptoms. Despite the availability of diverse traditional GFD adherence markers, such as diet tests or serology, none of them is an accurate diet evaluation method. Thus, use of GIP detection in stool and/or urine has been developed as a direct and specific test for GFD monitoring. Furthermore, non-dietary therapies have shown encouraging preliminary results in phase II and III clinical trials, such as larazotide acetate, PRV-015, IMGX-003, vaccine, and drug therapy. However, a GFD is the mainstay of CD therapy for the immediate future. For all these reasons, a health-oriented lifestyle should be promoted for better management and control of CD, responding to the growing demand of society and the empowerment of patients with CD.
