**Abstract**

The human gut is populated by innumerable microorganisms which govern equilibrium and well-being. Fluctuations in the composition and function of intestinal microbiota have been shown to result in persistent ailments such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Yet, conclusive cause-effect studies must be formulated in this context. This chapter features current advancements in the field of host-microbiota interactions and their association with IBD. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) and modification of intestinal EV proteomes with distinctive host-microbiota interactions in IBD, perinatal immune priming in offspring from maternal IBD and the function of gut-resident immune cells in IBD have been discussed here. These compelling developments would be crucial in expanding our understanding of IBD pathogenesis, detection of novel diagnostic repertoire and therapeutic targets for this disease.

**Keywords:** gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), host-microbiota interaction, extracellular vesicles, inflammation, immune cells
