**6. Conclusion and future horizons**

The world's population has been growing, and life expectancy is increasing. The growth of population aging also occurs in parallel with increase in life expectancy [33]. The incidence of most cancers rises with age due to some same mechanisms [34], and old age is a risk factor for cancer-associated thrombosis too, as has been discussed above [8]. Fortunately, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of malignancies result in the improvement of these patients outcome [35]. Although, these therapeutic methods such as some chemotherapy agents or surgery can increase the risk of thrombosis in cancer patients [8, 9]. Despite the life expectancy of cancer survivors has been increased, other illnesses such as cardiovascular disease have developed in these patients [35]. Cancer patients who presented with atrial fibrillation (AF) rhythm or coronary arteries disease have worse outcome including increased thrombotic risk [36]. Thus, thrombotic events risk is a vast issue in cancer patients. It is associated with patients prognosis. Malignancies nature patients-related factors, new therapeutic agents, even improved patients survival, and developing other illnesses or complications in cancer survivors can affect thromboemboli risk in cancer patients. Risk stratification tools and prevention methods are used to evaluate this risk and reduce thrombotic events. Albeit, thromboemboli is still one of the most common causes of death in patients with cancer. Awareness of thromboemboli risk is important for both patients and physicians, and all cancer patients should be educated about symptoms

and signs of thrombotic events. More studies are needed to assess tumor nature and identify new molecular markers as predictor of thrombotic events and help to develop accuracy and specificity of traditional risk stratification tools.
