**8. Recommendation**

After decades spent using anthropometrics in medical research and health sciences, our relevant and novel findings with Cartesian demonstrations should be extended to the broader scientific community for the knowledge gained regarding adiposity/overweight/obesity and CVD risk prediction. Many investigations continue to be conducted without consideration of biases, with some studies even spending public resources to obtain unclear or even false conclusions. It is time to avoid such biases in research, as well as in clinical practice.

On the issue relating to anthropometric measures and CVD causal risk, by using non-optimal metrics such as BMI and WHR or even WC alone, public health goals may be impacted by inaccuracies and biased information, especially when tackling prevention and control programmes and gauging CVD risk. It is important to ensure accuracy when measuring each anthropometric characteristic, as well as their relationship as a risk factor for CVD. Thus, monitoring ideal cardiovascular health by measuring body weight (in BMI) or HC (in WHR) will always be less accurate than using abdominal volume measure indirectly obtained from WC and height (in WHtR). Clinical and cardiological protocols should be changed because using misleading metrics will lead to the science remaining anchored in the past and without advancement in the application of the scientific knowledge.
