*2.6.6 The role of social media and its impact on PLM*

The power of social media cannot be neglected in recent years. With the help of social media, it is possible to reach features for example in terms of rating a product, promoting a product/service, asking a question from others about the product, sharing opinions about the product in real-time, sharing videos, and pictures about products (when it is positively, acts as an advertising and it will be caused more sales), show satisfaction/dissatisfaction about product/service.

Employing customers as brand advocates, involving them at different phases of product design, and use of their capabilities to obtain focus groups to try new products/services and share their opinions on social media. Nowadays, social media is used as an extra sales channel and also has a big role in attracting and in some cases repelling customers, that is the reason why social media is important in the marketing [25]. By analyzing the information on social media, it is possible to implement these data in PLM phases, for example: the design phase.

### *2.6.7 Challenges in PLM*

In some PLM solutions failure is noticed, the reason for this is complexity in integration. These concepts are not considered completely in PLM [47]:


There is not an efficacious mechanism for knowledge and service exchange and sharing among the stakeholders in the product lifecycle [43].

### *2.6.8 Risks in implementing PLM*

Based on information and communication technology (ICT), different kinds of risks are observed. These risks, in some cases, are related to technology, while in other cases they are related to the data and business processes, and also human-related risks are noticed, knowing them can help to reduce the probability of PLM adoption failure.

Some affected risk factors are listed below, these items should take into account during implementation [48]:

• Cultural changes


## *2.6.9 Impacts of industry 4.0 on PLM*

PLM is considered as a solution to develop the product and helps to win in a competitive market [49]. Improvement in technologies helps companies to increase their productivity for example Industry 4.0 helps in terms of having a full data integration environment and automated processes related to the product [50, 51]. PLM is now busy with product data and processes, with the advancement of technology PLM should be able to manage and develop smart products and services. One of the important points is the ability to have a communicate in real-time and exchange data. With the help of Industry 4.0., all data through the whole product lifecycle can be collected and stored. As a result, Industry 4.0 developments provide new possibilities to obtain the entire lifecycle incorporation [52].

Maintenance is one of the disciplines in PLM which plays an important role in brand image, customer satisfaction, and profitability. Maintenance is a complicated phase that has a great effect on operating costs, and it is hard to manage. By using Industry 4.0., this phase can be managed easier and remotely (maintenance as a service) by having a real-time data [53].

As a result, Industry 4.0 has many potentials which can be used in PLM to make improvements, decrease costs, decrease production time, decrease waiting time (for customers), increase profitability for example in terms of collecting data in realtime, analyzing data for product design, product monitoring, product maintenance.
