**5. Concluding remarks and future trends**

In this chapter, the main topics concerning the IJP manufacturing of printed electronics have been discussed. Being an additive manufacturing technology, some of its advantages concern lower associated costs, material economization, and design freedom. Since its establishment as an alternative for electronics manufacturing, different variations of this technology have emerged, nonetheless, piezoelectric IJP is the most widespread method. Many functional inks have already been optimized for IJP and are commercially available. Despite this, several factors linked to the printing process can still negatively influence the printing output in terms of both printing quality and electrical conductivity and demand optimization.

As for IJP application in the current PE market, there is an undeniable growing tendency. However, it is still early to anticipate the potential of IJP technology in the long run because of all the other options currently being developed. Because of the drawbacks associated with piezoelectric IJP, namely the tendency for nozzles to clog, the limited ink viscosity range (and consequently limited electrical conductivity), and the elevated number of factors that influence the printing process, it is possible that IJP gets to be used in specific niche applications, whereas needle-based and EHD-IJP might ultimately transcend piezoelectric IJP in terms of applicability.
