**3. Materials and methods**

In this research, we used the data of the molecular species detected by the INMS instrument on board of the Cassini Mission. The spectral signatures were encoded according to Ramírez-Juidías et al. [46]. Then, there were selected the common spectral lines present in the ocean of Enceladus and in the seawater of the oceans on Earth. Based on the spectral lines, it was applied data mining in order to extract the


*Astronomy and Planetary Science - From Cryovolcanism to Black Holes and Galactic Evolution*

#### **Table 1.**

*Concentration of species in the ocean of Enceladus and in the seawater of the oceans on earth.*

concentration of species detected in the material ejected from the plumes. **Table 1** shows some of the species present in the ocean of Enceladus and the seawater of the oceans on Earth [47] with their concentration in g/kg. Each specie was extrapolated to the geochemical processes associated to the activity of CO2 and H2O within the ocean [22].

According to the method patented by Ramírez-Juidías et al. [46], the data mining process was carried out through the application of modified genetic algorithms, iteratively analyzing a large amount of data through a process similar to genetic mutation, in order to extract the variables that are then used to obtain the concentrations (g/kg) of species in the ocean of Enceladus, using the wavelengths between 0.35 and 1 μm from the spectral data taken by the VIMS instrument.

The encoding model developed to obtain these concentrations consists in building a vector of size equals to the number of iterations to execute. The kth-order of the vector represents the work that is done in the kth-position. In this case, a population of alternative solutions is settled for a certain number of chromosomes, that represent the natural sequence in which the variables (spectral signatures) are programmed.

The process of planning and programming required for the extraction of the concentrations of species is usually conducted by applying a three-level model called respectively Strategic Approach, Tactical Approach and Operational Approach. This model can be replicated using machine learning.
