**5. Conclusion**

Non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements (NPA) are transient lipid associations different from the lipid bilayer. When they are stabilized by drugs, they induce the production, via germinal centers, of IgG anti-NPA antibodies; these antibodies lead to the development of a disease resembling human lupus in mice. This mouse model of lupus is suitable for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to the production of anti-lipid antibodies, which are currently poorly understood. In addition, this model allows us to propose that NPA and anti-NPA antibodies may contribute to the development of lupus in humans.
