**2.2 Chronic wounds**

The wounds that are not repaired in a timely or orderly manner and fail to follow the typical healing stages are called chronic wounds. Many factors cause the disturbance in the healing process of the four stages of the wound, such as tissue hypoxia, necrosis, exudate, infection, and excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines. A nonhealing state is perpetuated due to the cascading of tissue responses to the continuous state of inflammation in the wound. Chronic wounds relapse frequently, and the functional and anatomical outcomes are inferior. Pressure, burns, vasculitis, naturopathic, arterial, and venous insufficiency are causes of chronic wounds [6]. An example of a chronic wound is shown in **Figure 3**.

**Figure 3.** *An example of a chronic wound [6].*
