**10. ERCP complications**

ERCP alone or with the different therapeutic interventions is associated with different complications including pancreatitis, hemorrhage, infections, perforation and cardiopulmonary events. Other miscellaneous complications such as ileus, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, portal venous air, stent migration, liver abscess, biliary or pancreatic duct fistulae among others have also been reported but are very rare [40]. Their severity can range from mild to severe requiring hospitalization and possible permanent disability or death [41].

Three well studied interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reduction of post-ERCP pancreatitis. These include:
