**2. Conclusion**

Both in humans and rats, the female reproductive system and processes are dynamic, changing morphologically and cytologically in response to hormonal cues during the course of the estrus or monthly cycle. Along with menopause and ovarian age, these changes are also seen during pregnancy. For preclinical evaluations of human reproductive physiological and pathological processes, mice and rats are ideal models. They are frequently used in research due to their small size, simplicity of

housing, and maintenance requirements. Their reproductive cycle oscillates periodically because to variations in ovarian steroid concentrations, just like in humans (estrogens and progesterone). However, there are morphogenetic, physiological, and anatomical differences between the mouse and human reproductive systems.
