**3.1 Genomics**

Microarray technology allows researchers to analyze gene expression on a larger scale. The technology utilizes gene expression profiling in a number of disease states including but not limited to: various cancers, SLE, multiple sclerosis, and T1D [7]. One study using microarray analysis identified 116 differentially expressed genes between peripheral blood lymphocyte samples in T1D patients and AAb-negative controls, and many of these genes are involved in important immunoregulatory functions [7]. Microarray analysis has been performed in pancreatic tissue of T1D and healthy controls, with one study by Yip et al., identifying 48 differentially genes in human pancreata [33]. Studies also show the potential for use of miRNA microarrays in identifying biomarkers for the diagnosis of T1D [34–37] and predicting complications such as ketoacidosis [38]. Differential mRNA and miRNA expression profiles characterized by microarray analysis have helped to provide insight into the pathogenesis of T1D, as many of these genes are involved in cellular functions such as oxidative stress response, DNA repair, inflammation, and apoptosis [39]. After appropriate validation of candidate genes discovered with microarray analysis, multivariate analysis, or computational techniques can be used to identify patients at high risk of developing T1D [40].
