**Table 2.**

*Tested insulin regimens: A (regular insulin R only), B (R in the course of day plus intermediate insulin at 10 p.m.), C (R in the course of day combined with Ultratard insulin at 5.30 p.m.).*

Even though the capillary FIRI concentrations (which were investigated parallel with cBG) were significantly higher than in healthy men (**Figure 11**), the cBG values in the best PWD when compared to a group of 9 healthy men remain significantly higher.

In addition, in the last two regimens (B and C), the total daily insulin dose was higher than in regimen A. On the other hand, the fasting BG concentrations were in regimen A 60 of 72 BG measurements below 10 mmol/l. In regimen B, it was only in *Intensive Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: One Centre Experience 1970–2022 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108032*

## **Figure 8.**

*MBG 16 in the group with the best regimen A (n=21)—left, in the group with the best regimen B (n = 6) middle, and in the group with the best regimen C (n = 9)—right, in comparison with MBG 16 of other two regimens in the respective group.*

14 of 72 measurements and in regimen C in 19 of 70 measurements (2 values were missing) (**Figure 12**).

The group education and an insulin pen motivated the diabetic patients to an intensification of insulin therapy including injections of insulin at 2.30 a.m. [73]. The feasibility (acceptance) of night injections (insulin regimen A) increased from 2/36 (6 %) at the beginning to 15/36 (42 %) at the end of the study. On the contrary, the optimistic patients´ hopes expecting the best effects from the long-acting insulin preparation Ultratard declined from 26/36 (72 %) on recruitment to 12/36 (33 %) on the final assessment at the end (**Figure 13**).

Neither the intensive insulin treatment enabled a long-lasting normalisation of B-glucose and B-FIRI concentrations.

A significant impact of regimen A on MBG 16 was only seen in a subgroup of 19 PWD who on discharge preferred regimen A for their future treatment.

No metabolic differences were seen when using the MADI 7/2ml needle pen (**Figure 14**) or catheter pen [78, 106]. The needle pen was preferred in 54 % of all patient days.
