**4.4 Diagnostic tools and medication**

There is lack of diagnostic tools to diagnose, manage, and follow up patients with diabetes, as well as tools to screen for complications; hence, patients are managed poorly. There is generally poor laboratory support especially at the secondary and primary care levels coupled with high cost of supplies such as glucometers, strips, lancets, and insulin.

Despite all these challenges, there are efforts being taken in different countries to manage T1DM, including establishment of clinics specific for T1DM, training of healthcare providers in management of T1DM even if they are not diabetologists, improvement of public–private partnership in order to get support from different organizations, and public awareness campaigns.

Glycated hemoglobin test performed when the supporting programmes deliver of supplies and medicines and few clients are health insured to have this done.
