**1.1 Type 1 diabetes**

Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which pancreatic beta-cell get destructed and leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Lack of insulin causes hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, body mass loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and ketoacidosis [1].

T1DM has two varieties: immune-mediated and idiopathic.


At this time there are no known means to thwart T1DM. Persons with T1DM are reliant on exogenous insulin to inhibit ketoacidosis and death. T1DM can develop at any age. Although more cases are diagnosed in people earlier than the age of 30 years, it also occurs in older individuals [1].

Around 17–30% of persons with T1DM have autoimmune thyroid disease., and celiac disease happens in 1–16% of persons contrasted with 0.3–1% in the common population [2]. Children with T1DM should be screened for celiac disease soon after diagnosis. If celiac disease is biopsy-confirmed, children should be placed on a glutenfree diet by a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) experienced in managing diabetes and celiac disease [1].

There are two types of normal physiological insulin secretion: continuous basal insulin secretion and incremental prandial insulin secretion, controlling meal-related glucose excursions. Individuals with type 1 and insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes lack both basal and meal-related prandial secretion. Historically, conventional treatment included predetermined or "fixed" insulin doses and following a rigid calorie- and saccharide-controlled meal plan based on the insulin regimen. Some individuals with type 1 and insulin-requiring diabetes still use this method for a variety of reasons, such as age, cost, fewer required injections, lack of access to insulin analogs, personal preference, or prescribing habits of the health care provider [3].
