**6.4 Ca++signaling**

Calcium fluxes are essential for platelet functions, and abnormalities in regulation contributed by prolonged exposure (24 hours) to high glucose are associated with platelet hyperactivity [138].

In T1DM, there is coexistence of insulin deficiency/absence and hypomagnesaemia [139]. Hypomagnesaemia is associated with oxidative stress [140] and increases in platelet baseline intracellular Ca++. The consequence of un-opposed intracellular calcium leads to signal transduction sequences that eventually promote membrane glycoprotein expression, adhesion, secretion, and aggregation [141, 142].
