**1. Introduction**

Our immune system not only works to fight infections and produce inflammation but also has the ability to adequately recognize self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity. As part of our adaptive immune system, T-cells have a selection process in the thymus in which cells that react too strongly to self-peptides are eliminated to prevent autoreactivity in a process called central tolerance [1]. Only cells with some response to MHC complexes and self-peptides are released into the bloodstream. To prevent autoimmunity, numerous immune checkpoint pathways regulate the activation of T cells at multiple steps during an immune response, in a process called peripheral tolerance [1–3]. In this process, some of the immune checkpoints involved are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which work at different stages of the immune response. Medications aimed at both of these checkpoint inhibitors work by enhancing endogenous antitumor activity. BRAF/MEK inhibitors are another group of immunotherapies used as an anticancer treatment, which works by interfering with B-RAF oncogene mutations, slowing down tumor growth. Checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitor medications work very well as anticancer medications but are not without side effects. Side effects caused by these immunotherapies are known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). An extensive list of organs can be affected in the myriad of these irAEs. Although with checkpoint inhibitors, only approximately 1% involve the eye [4]. For BRAF/MEK therapies, 25–100% of the patient can have ocular side effects [5]. With the ongoing use of these medications, it is essential to recognize these adverse effects early for adequate management and to prevent further complications. Uveitis associated with immunotherapy can present in multiple anatomic locations and with varying degrees of inflammation. The most accepted form of treatment is the use of topical and or systemic corticosteroids. If the inflammation is severe, enough consideration can be taken to discontinue the anticancer medication. This chapter will review the most common medications associated with immunotherapy-associated uveitis and how to diagnose, monitor, and manage these patients.
