*Advances in Clinical Application of Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109074*

metabolites (such as Methylglyoxal) and protein amino groups [81]. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) can be expressed in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes [82, 83]. In recent years, studies have found that AGEs/RAGE can cause essential changes in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, resulting into imbalances in bone remodeling, decreased bone strength, and increased incidence of fractures, which may provide unique diagnosis and treatment ideas and molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis [84]. Clinical studies have found that the correlation between sRAGE and bone mineral density is controversial. Studies have found that serum sRAGE levels are significantly higher in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and low bone mass than those with normal bone density, and sRAGE levels are associated with increased fracture risk [85]. RAGE was positively correlated with bone formation markers P1NP and osteocalcin in elderly men, and this correlation was more significant in men with diabetes [86]. However, there was no significant difference in RAGE levels between postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and the control group. There was no significant correlation between serum RAGE levels and bone mineral density, fracture prevalence, and bone turnover markers in the type 2 diabetes group [87]. The research and development of bone tissue engineering, it has been found that AGEs/RAGE can affect the structure and biomechanical properties of bone through various mechanisms. It may have a potential diagnostic role in monitoring osteoporosis, especially the progression of diabetic bone metabolism, but its clinical application is less studied, and its value in predicting fracture risk needs to be further studied [88].
