**6. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)**

IBD, which is predominantly made up of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is linked to a number of systemic problems, including extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) which are prevalent among 40% of IBD patients. The most well-known (EIMs) are as follows:

1.Liver illnesses (primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis),

2.Articular symptoms,

3.Skin lesions (such as erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum) [35–37].

Patients with IBD are more likely than the general population to experience bone loss. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are manifested by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), caused by chronic inflammation [38, 39]. According to cross-sectional studies, IBD patients have a wide-ranging prevalence of low BMD. Depending on the study population, location, and methodology, the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis can range from 22% to 77% and 17% to 41%, respectively [40].
