**5. Coronavirus and anticipation of future pandemics**

The SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 pandemics have taught us valuable lessons that coronavirus outbreak could not be underestimated. This particular virus has showcased themselves as constant menace to the public health. Therefore, it would need

#### **Figure 2.**

*Juglanin, provided as the lead for SARS-CoV-2 drug candidate based on in silico approach [53] (source: https:// pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5318717#section=2D-Structure).*

establishment of a dedicated research network world-wide to cater this challenge. The current pandemics has been predicted in quite a while. Based on WHO guidelines in 2015, it is stated explicitly that coronavirus has a prospect of becoming pandemic [68, 69]. There are hundreds or even thousands coronavirus species that potentially some of them could be spilled to human population from animals [68, 69]. Although conclusive evidence is still gathered on the moment, the existing leads are pointing to the spill over of coronavirus from bat as precursor of this on-going pandemic [70–73]. As a RNA virus, it has high mutation rate for the genetic material, and as new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged, it elicits potential to tamper the efficacy of the existing therapy [74–77]. In these uncertain conditions, Biologics and/or biosimilars such as monoclonal antibody, polypeptide, and protein-based therapy are proposed as potential therapies for COVID-19 infections. Their high bioavailability in the cell is one of the strength in the pharmacokinetics properties [78]. Monoclonal antibodies therapy has been proven to provide good efficacy against COVID-19 in clinical setting [79, 80]. Moreover, some peptide-based leads are currently under development as COVID-19 drug candidates [81]. For siRNA, some in silico and wet lab research are underway, albeit the clinical application is yet to be determined [82–84]. In this end, more variative approaches are available as means to anticipate future coronavirus pandemics.
