**3. FAERS database annotation of COVID-19 drug trials**

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Public Dashboard is the Bioinformatics approach in curating side effects of drug trials from clinical data [29, 30]. It has special public dashboard for COVID-19 emergency use authorization (EUA) products, as seen in the **Figure 1**.

The FAERS database has annotated COVID-19 drug trials side effects, such as the trials with hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, bamlanivimab, Ribavirin-Interferon and ivermectin [31–37]. Moreover, cancer patients who were old (65 year-old and above), males, and taking immunosuppressive treatment, as well as those with hematological malignancies, were at a higher risk of death due to COVID-19 infection, according to FAERS data [34]. Hence, pertaining the existing COVID-19 standard drugs, the finding in FAERS database did not affect current FDA's endorsement as it is considered still a relatively novel development. More trials will be necessary. Thus, extensive computational and wet lab studies of the leads' pharmacological and toxicological properties should be carefully examined [38].


#### **Figure 1.**

*COVID-19 emergency use authorization (EUA) FAERS public dashboard (source: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ questions-and-answers-fdas-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers/fda-adverse-event-reporting-system-faerspublic-dashboard).*
