*3.5.1 System pharmacology*

System pharmacology is "the study of drug action using principles from systems biology, considering the effect of the drug on the entire system rather than a single target or metabolizing enzyme." Its application to PV activities is to focus on "offtarget effects and clinical observations of adverse reactions." [4] An application of this approach was addressed in a published study in 2017, where the researchers evaluated the feasibility of using the "ML models to learn syntactic and semantic information from literature," to enhance the model prediction the researchers used drug-drug interaction (DDI) information to predict ADRs caused by DDI, and drug-gene interaction (DGI) to predict the ADRs caused by two drugs interaction by the same gene [17].
