**5. Digitized therapeutics and healthcare IN personalized medicine**

Personalized medication become robust by predicting the accurate treatment results for the drug which will administer in the live environment and the highthroughput measurement of bio-molecules (genes, proteins, and metabolites) present in a cell. To fulfill this criterion, currently emerging technologies of digital health provides the capability to evaluate the patient's response to the drug in the real world and time by converting therapeutics as a Digital Personalized Medicine (DPM).

The Internet of Things (IoT), a network-based technology provides support in this regard. The Internet of Pharmaceutical Things (IoPT) digitally quantifies the effects of drug in real-time PD and enables remote monitoring [25]. Sensors and wireless connections are used to capture drug interaction and phenotype data. For example, Digital twin concept is used to improve diagnostics and treatments. Digital twins are an assembly of unlimited copies of models of all phenotypic, molecular, and environmental factors related to disease mechanisms. Each twin is treated computationally with potential drugs and a drug with high effectiveness is selected for treatment [26].

Personalized drug delivery system (PPDS) is a constant measurement of dosage that incorporates the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) with patient-adopted precise dose and possesses different aspects that could be modified to enhance the drug identification, absorbability, excretion and monitoring the treatment. The incorporation of PDDS and Digital health is the current upcoming area that may aid to upgrade the healthcare systems, cost-efficient treatments and boost the result of overall healthcare [27].

Digital health is a merge of diverse platforms and systems which offer solutions based on technologies to improve healthcare. This comprises almost all the technologies that are responsible for patients' health and the concepts such as mobile health (mHealth), telehealth (telemedicine), smart devices, sensors and wearables, health information technology and personalized medicine.

Digital therapeutics (DTx) is one such category of digital health solutions that provides evidence-based, software-driven therapeutic interventions for the prevention and management of medical disorders or diseases that aims to reduce the consumption level of pharmaceuticals or to be drug-free under certain conditions. It serves as an indicator to analyze drug effectiveness and is also used to compute the response of a person to a drug which is under investigation in clinical trials.

Products (digital therapeutics) developed by the implementation of advanced technology have to be approved by regulators and they should follow certain principles which are categorized based on the medical purpose provided by Digital Therapeutic Alliance (DTA) to serve individuals with safe and effective treatment. Criteria like, growth of digital analytical tools, up-gradation of data visualization and machine learning encourage researchers to convert data as knowledge that will assist clinical decision-making [28].

Nowadays the term "E-patient", pioneered by Dr. Tom Ferguson in 1999, has been gaining attention, representing the patients who are all able to decide their own health and healthcare and capable of making health-related decision utilizing the technology. They are developed to treat/manage/prevent certain disease conditions including chronic diseases. With the help of DTx, physicians can treat their patients residing anywhere and anytime beyond the border of a clinic or a hospital. It helps them to make accurate diagnostic decisions at the right time with the concern about patient care. This ideology proceeds towards the personalized treatment of the patient through monitoring and tracking the response for the prescribed therapies [29].
