**2. Increasement of heavy metals in the coastal environment**

Metal corrosion, air deposition, soil erosion of metal ions and heavy metal leaching, sediment resuspension, and metal evaporation from water resources to soil and groundwater are all potential sources of environmental contamination. Natural occurrences such as volcanic eruptions and weathering are also identified as major contributors to heavy metal contamination. Metal refineries, petroleum combustion, high-tension lines, coal combustion in power plants, nuclear power stations, microelectronics, wood preservation, plastics, textiles, and paper processing industries have all been industrial sources [7]. Tin (Sn), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) are reported to be essential nutrients needed for a

variety of physiological and metabolic activities. Deficiencies in these micronutrients can lead to a range of syndromes and disorders.

Land-based metal polluting industries, such as textiles, coal and energy bases, cement plant, leather, and ship breaking/recycling, have expanded significantly over the past few decades as these types of enterprises have become an important factor for macro and micro perspectives of economic growth. These industries release significant amounts of heavy metals into the environment indicating opportunities and possible risks to a more globalized economy. However, about 40% of the world's seas have been significantly impacted by human activity, with the most severe consequences occurring in coastal regions [12, 13]. Indeed, anthropogenic metal contamination in coastal and marine environments has been a major issue since it may have toxic effects on aquatic living organisms, destroy natural ecosystems, and significant health risks to humans through consumption of contaminated seafood [14].
