**6. Insects as pollinators**

As pollinators, insects play an important role in ecosystem services. Majority of flowering plant species depend essentially on animal vectors for pollination [31]. Entomophilous (pollination by insects) serve as an important life-support mechanism that contributes to biodiversity and ecosystem services [53]. In addition to constant visitation of flowering plants by honeybees (Apis melifera), which has been considered as the most common single species of pollinator for crops in the world [54], various insects such as stingless and solitary bees, bumblebees, and a variety of beetles, flies, butterflies, and moths are significant pollinators [55–57]. Entomophilous plant species have regularly evolved ways to increase their attractiveness to insects. Many flowering plant species have developed structures or exudates that ensure insect pollinators will return to transfer pollen on a regular basis [58]. However, many types of land use (for example, agriculture and urbanization) drastically modify land cover, resulting in habitat loss for various species [59] and studies [53, 60, 61] have shown that habitat loss reduces the population sizes, composition, and species diversity of insect pollinators. The loss of habitat for native bees has been found to be much greater than that of other insect groups, as measured by species– area relationships [62].
