**3. Species diversity, composition, and ecosystem functioning**

Loss in biotic diversity is occurring so that we may experience mass extinction if the trend continues, which may affect the functioning of the ecosystem and ultimately affect the diversity of species and composition [13]. The decline of biological diversity not only represent irrevocable damage to the globe but also poses a menace to what offers support to the lives of human beings owing to the fact that services that nature affords signify everything from the food we eat to the air we breathe [17–19].
