**8. Effects of climate change on insect population**

The climate is crucial in determining various characteristics and distributions of managed and natural systems, including hydrology and water resources, cryptology, marine and freshwater ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, forestry, and agriculture [59, 70]. As a result of increased temperatures, climate extremes, increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), and altered precipitation patterns, global food production is under severe threat [60, 71]. Global warming is a severe problem facing the world today. It has reached record-breaking levels, as evidenced by exceptional rates of increase in atmospheric temperature and sea level [61, 72]. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported that the world is now about one degree warmer than before widespread industrialization. Insects are poikilothermic

organisms; the temperature of their body depends on the temperature of the environment. Thus, the temperature is probably the most important environmental factor affecting insect behavior, distribution, development, and reproduction [62, 73]. Then, it is most likely that the main drivers of climate change (increased atmospheric CO2, increased temperature, and decreased soil moisture) could significantly affect the population dynamics of insects [63, 74]. Climate change creates new ecological niches that allow insects to react and shift from one region to another [64, 75]. The Warm and dry conditions associated with climate change have affected most forest insect species population and activity in recent years [65, 76]. However, [65, 76] reported that temperature or drought on insects community is one of the essential climatic drivers of habitat vulnerability to forest insects [66, 77]. As a result, insect populations in tropical zones are predicted to experience a decrease in growth rate due to climate changes of current temperature level for insect development and growth [67, 78].
