**1. Introduction**

All across Africa, anthropogenic factors, such as rapid human population growth, urbanization, pollution, deforestation, and depletion of natural resources, have given rise to an unprecedented degradation of ecosystems (savanna woodlands, coral reefs, tropical forests, wetlands, etc.), which in turn has increased the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climate change. Two key sources of livelihood in Africa, namely farming and fisheries, are under severe pressure from global climate change. Projected trends in temperature and rainfall [1] are likely to exacerbate existing patterns of poverty, food insecurity, and forced migration in sub-Saharan Africa.

Although the African continent is responsible for only 3.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it bears a disproportionate component of the impacts of climate change [2, 3]. It is projected that, over the next few decades, continued global warming will fuel an increase in average temperatures and extreme heatwaves in African countries, with accompanying spikes in both the frequency and intensity of rainstorms across

the continent [4, 5]. In recent times, the increase of surface temperature in Africa has happened at a faster rate than the average for the rest of the world [1]*.* Extreme temperature increases across Africa are attributed to human-induced actions that are driving climate change, with agriculture and water counting among the most vulnerable sectors [3, 5].

Africa is regarded as the most vulnerable continent to climate change impacts because of its low adaptive capacity and overdependence on natural resource-based livelihoods [3, 5, 6]. In Africa, climate-induced changes are likely to have dramatic effects on the livelihoods of poor rural communities in particular, on a continent already struggling to eradicate poverty as part of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 [7]. Agriculture and fishing are usually the prominent livelihood activities in rural communities in Africa but are highly vulnerable to increased extreme weather-related events caused by climate change [5]. By 2080, agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to drop from 21% to 9% because of climate change [8]. An increase of between 1.5°C and 2°C in global warming is projected to trigger severe economic and ecosystem impacts in the form of reduced food production, biodiversity loss, water shortages, loss of lives, and increased levels of human morbidity across the continent [5]. There is, however, a lack of extensive knowledge about how climate change affects farmers and fishermen at a finer scale, as most predictions in this regard are mainly based on global climate change models [1].

In the east African state of Kenya, poverty and food insecurity have been exacerbated by the changing climate of recent decades, to such an extent that climate change is now hampering efforts to achieve sustainable development in the country [9]. Identifying how climate change impacts people's livelihoods is, therefore, essential as a precursor to an understanding of how communities can adapt to and cope with the adverse effects of climate change. Using one of the remote rural areas of Kenya in the Suba district, with resource-poor households that rely on farming and fishing as sources of livelihood, this chapter explores how climate change is affecting these livelihoods and ultimately the well-being of such households. More specifically, the chapter seeks to address the following two questions:

