**2.2 Use of ArcGIS, global forest maps and database**

Although global deforestation rates average 13 million hectares per year, around 30 percent of the world's land surface is currently forested [38]. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has set a target of 10% protected area coverage. The MODIS05 VCF dataset identified forest zones that did not exist in the original GFM. Plantations, shrub lands, and agricultural areas are examples of non-natural regions that could be included on the GLC 2000 map.

#### **2.3 Assessment of geographical distribution**

The world's forests are critical for biodiversity conservation as well as climate mitigation. The use of remotely sensed data to create new forest status and forest change spatial layers has revolutionized forest monitoring around the world. The review of simulated biodiversity values uses remote sensing data on tree cover to create worldwide maps of the importance of forest biodiversity.

Many vulnerable species rely on intact forest landscapes, including "primary" forests. For more than 40 years, remote sensing has been recognized as an essential tool for understanding land cover and land use. The phrase "urban/suburban forest" is used to refer to a type of urban or suburban forest in Europe as well as one of the following categories: location; forest type (woodland), the documented, or at least indicated, problem (pressure and threat to nature), and the quality of the information source.

#### **2.4 Assessment of forest cover and biodiversity**

The USGS Land Cover Institute provided tree cover data for 2010–2017 [39]. The FAO utilizes a 10% MCC criteria to evaluate if an area has been deforested [40].

According to Hansen et al., a number of 25% can be used to calculate global deforestation [41]. As Whittaker outlined, three commonly used criteria for measuring species-level biodiversity, including measurements such as species diversity, endemism, and genetic variety, were considered to assess the consequences [42]. Because of this heterogeneity, comparably sized areas of tree cover mapped via remote sensing can vary dramatically in biological value. Remote sensing represents an important tool for looking at ecosystem diversity, forest cover, and various structural aspects of individual ecosystems. Many different forms of remote sensing sources are reviewed and assessed to provide a means to make assessments across several different spatial scales and changes in ecosystem patterns over time.
