**9. Attributes and characteristics sought in agroforestry systems**

There are desirable attributes and characteristics of AFS in different aspects: (a) As for the selection of the woody species, keep in mind that it is easy to establish and grow quickly; (b) Regarding the architecture, phenology, and compatibility of the woody species with the associated crops, it is desirable that they make little competition for water and nutrients; that they have an open and narrow crown with small leaves; that they have a strong root system and as far as possible deep; no allelopathic effects; with branches and stems that are not brittle and that do not host pests or diseases. (c) Regarding the management and physiology of the woody component, it is desirable that: they tolerate full exposure to the sun; have self-pruning of branches; tolerate frequent pruning; regrow easily; be easy to handle (without thorns or stinging latex); and that if possible, fix nitrogen. (d) As for ecological functions, they are desirable attributes that have functional biodiversity and promote biological control; provide habitats for avifauna and other non-harmful animals; encourage soil conservation and fertility and maintain foliage in the dry season. The main three groups of attributes and characteristics (**Table 3**) that farmers expect from an AFS are (a) productivity; (b) sustainability; and (c) adaptability [47–49].


#### **Table 3.**

*Desirable attributes and characteristics of agroforestry systems. Source: Modified from [47–49].*
