**3.4 Justice**

According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, healthcare expenditures continue to increase every year [41], and the unlimited needs of humans are tried to be met with scarce resources, which have caused significant problems. How these resources are allocated to healthcare providers and then prioritized for specific services and patients are some critical ethical decisions that determine the type of healthcare a society receives [42]. In this context, the principle of justice is considered "distributive justice," which refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens determined by the norms that structure the conditions of social cooperation [23].

The WHO defines justice in healthcare as follows: "the absence of unfair, avoidable, or remediable differences in health status among population groups defined socially, economically, demographically, or geographically" [43]. Here, the concept of justice deems it necessary for those involved to be able to benefit from healthcare services as much as they need without preventing equality of access to healthcare services [44].

Another key issue for resource use is deciding where and how the resources should be allocated. Here, the following questions should be answered [42]: (1) Which healthcare service will be produced for whom and how much? (2) By whom, how, and where will these services be produced? (3) How will society undertake the financial burden of these services? and (4) How will the power and regulation of these services be distributed? In medicine, this means equal distribution of resources to all layers and individuals of the society, both for the healthcare policies that include the whole society, like public health and for therapeutic institutions [7].
