**3. Epigenetics in cancer metastasis**

Due to the devilishness of cancer metastasis, understanding how cancer cells acquire and maintain metastatic characteristics is critical. However, metastasis-specific genetic alterations cannot be discovered in most exome or genome sequencing investigations. Reversible epigenetic pathways control important phases in metastasis, which can be targeted to prevent and treat metastatic illness in increasingly emerging data. ncRNA, DNA methylation, and histone changes are only a few of the epigenetic processes that have been discovered to modulate the cancer metastasis process. Largescale chromatin structural changes, such as enhancer reprogramming and chromatin accessibility to transcription factors, have been revealed to be a possible driving force of cancer metastasis in diverse malignancies in recent years. Given that numerous

researchers have reviewed the function of epigenetic markers in different stages of metastasis [89–91], we will concentrate on well-defined particular metastatic locations such as bone, liver, lung, and brain in various malignancies over the last 5 years.
